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Chitsogozo Chachikulu cha Zingwe za Fiber Optic: Zoyambira, Njira, Zochita & Malangizo

Zingwe za Fiber Optic zimapereka zida zakuthupi zomwe zimathandizira kutumiza kwa data mwachangu kwambiri pamatelefoni, ma network, ndi kulumikizana pamapulogalamu onse. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa fiber kwachulukitsa bandwidth ndi kuthekera kwamtunda pomwe kumachepetsa kukula ndi mtengo, kulola kukhazikitsidwa kokulirapo kuchokera ku telecom yautali kupita ku malo opangira data ndi maukonde anzeru amizinda.

Chida chozamachi chimafotokoza zingwe za fiber optic kuchokera mkati kupita kunja. Tifufuza momwe fiber fiber imagwirira ntchito popereka ma data pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala, mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ulusi wa singlemode ndi multimode, ndi mitundu yotchuka ya zingwe yotengera kuchuluka kwa ulusi, m'mimba mwake, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito komwe mukufuna. Ndi chiwongola dzanja cha bandwidth chikukulirakulira, kusankha chingwe choyenera cha fiber optic kutengera zofunikira za netiweki patali, kuchuluka kwa data, komanso kulimba ndikofunikira pakulumikizana kotsimikizika kwamtsogolo.

Kuti timvetse zingwe za fiber optic, tiyenera kuyamba ndi nsonga zopyapyala zagalasi kapena pulasitiki zimene zimatsogolera kuwala kwa mkati. Pakatikati, zokutira, ndi zokutira zomwe zimakhala ndi chingwe chilichonse cha ulusi zimatsimikizira bandwidth ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Zingwe zingapo za ulusi zimamangidwa mu chubu lotayirira, zotchingidwa, kapena zingwe zogawa zolumikizira ulusi pakati pa ma endpoints. Zida zolumikizira monga zolumikizira, mapanelo, ndi ma hardware zimapereka zolumikizira ku zida ndi njira zosinthiranso maukonde amtundu ngati pakufunika.

Kuyika koyenera ndi kutha kwa fiber optic cabling kumafuna kulondola ndi luso kuti muchepetse kutayika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma siginecha akuyenda bwino. Tidzakambirana njira zofananira zothetsa ma singlemode ndi ma multimode fibers pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zodziwika bwino monga LC, SC, ST, ndi MPO. Pozindikira machitidwe abwino, akatswiri atsopano amatha kupanga molimba mtima ndikugwiritsa ntchito maukonde a fiber kuti agwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti asavutike.

Pomaliza, tikambirana zakukonzekera ma network a fiber optic ndi njira zomwe zingasinthike kuti zithandizire zosowa zamtsogolo za bandwidth. Chitsogozo chochokera kwa akatswiri amakampani chimapereka chidziwitso chowonjezereka pazomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe zikubwera zomwe zikuthandizira kukula kwa fiber mu telecom, data center ndi zomangamanga zamatawuni.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (FAQ)

Q1: Kodi chingwe cha fiber optic ndi chiyani?

A1: Zingwe za fiber optic zimapangidwa ndi ulusi umodzi kapena zingapo zowoneka bwino, zomwe ndi timizere tating'ono ta galasi kapena pulasitiki zomwe zimatha kutumiza deta pogwiritsa ntchito ma siginolo opepuka. Zingwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulana mothamanga kwambiri komanso mtunda wautali, kupereka ndalama zotumizira deta mofulumira poyerekeza ndi zingwe zamkuwa zamkuwa.

Q2: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic zimagwira ntchito bwanji?

A2: Zingwe za fiber optic zimatumiza deta pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa kuwala kudzera m'zingwe zopyapyala zagalasi loyera kapena ulusi wapulasitiki. Ulusi umenewu umanyamula zizindikiro zowunikira pamtunda wautali ndi kutaya zizindikiro zochepa, kupereka kulankhulana kwachangu komanso kodalirika.

Q3: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic zimayikidwa bwanji?

A3: Zingwe za fiber optic zitha kukhazikitsidwa kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana, monga kukoka kapena kukankha zingwe kudzera mu ngalande kapena ngalande, kuyika mlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yothandiza kapena nsanja, kapena kukwirira pansi. Njira yoyikapo zimadalira zinthu monga chilengedwe, mtunda, ndi zofunikira za polojekiti. Kuyika chingwe cha fiber optic kumafuna luso lapadera ndi zida, koma sizovuta. Kuphunzitsidwa koyenera ndi chidziwitso cha njira zoyikira, monga kuphatikizika kwa fiber kapena kuyimitsa kolumikizira, ndikofunikira. Ndibwino kuti tigwiritse ntchito akatswiri odziwa zambiri kapena akatswiri ovomerezeka kuti akhazikitse kuti awonetsetse kuti akugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti akugwira ntchito bwino.

Q4: Kodi moyo wa zingwe za fiber optic ndi uti?

A4: Zingwe za fiber optic zimakhala ndi moyo wautali, nthawi zambiri kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 30 kapena kupitilira apo. Amadziwika ndi kukhazikika kwawo komanso kukana kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi.

Q5: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic zitha kufalitsa mpaka pati?

A5: Kutalikirana kwa zingwe za fiber optic kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga mtundu wa ulusi, kuchuluka kwa data, ndi zida za netiweki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ulusi wamtundu umodzi ukhoza kutumiza deta pa mtunda wautali, nthawi zambiri kuyambira makilomita angapo mpaka mazana a kilomita, pamene ulusi wa multimode ndi woyenera mtunda waufupi, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa mamita mazana angapo.

Q6: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic zitha kulumikizidwa kapena kulumikizidwa?

A6: Inde, zingwe za fiber optic zitha kulumikizidwa kapena kulumikizidwa. Fusion splicing ndi mechanical splicing ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zingwe ziwiri kapena zingapo za fiber optic palimodzi. Kuphatikizika kumathandizira kukulitsa maukonde, kulumikiza zingwe, kapena kukonza magawo owonongeka.

Q7: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mawu ndi data?

A7: Inde, zingwe za fiber optic zimatha kunyamula mawu ndi ma data munthawi imodzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polumikizana ndi intaneti yothamanga kwambiri, kutsitsa makanema, ma telecommunication network, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawu-over-IP (VoIP).

Q8: Kodi ubwino wa zingwe za fiber optic pa zingwe zamkuwa ndi ziti?

A8: Zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka maubwino angapo kuposa zingwe zamkuwa zachikhalidwe, kuphatikiza:

Bandwidth yokulirapo: Fiber optics imatha kutumiza zambiri pamtunda wautali poyerekeza ndi zingwe zamkuwa.
Kutetezedwa ku kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma: Zingwe za fiber optic sizimakhudzidwa ndi minda yamagetsi, kuwonetsetsa kutumizidwa kwa data kodalirika.
Chitetezo chowonjezereka: Fiber optics ndizovuta kulumikiza, kuwapangitsa kukhala otetezeka kwambiri potumiza zidziwitso zachinsinsi.
Zopepuka komanso zoonda: Zingwe za Fiber optic zimakhala zopepuka komanso zoonda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuziyika ndi kuzigwira.

Q9: Kodi zingwe zonse za fiber optic ndizofanana?

A9: Ayi, zingwe za fiber optic zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso masinthidwe kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zamagwiritsidwe. Mitundu iwiri yayikulu ndi zingwe za single-mode ndi multimode. Zingwe zamtundu umodzi zimakhala ndi kachingwe kakang'ono ndipo zimatha kutumiza deta mtunda wautali, pomwe zingwe zama multimode zimakhala ndi pachimake chokulirapo ndipo zimathandizira mtunda waufupi. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zenizeni, monga machubu otayirira, otsekeka, kapena zingwe za riboni.

Q10: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic ndizotetezeka kuzigwira?

A10: Zingwe za fiber optic nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotetezeka kuzigwira. Mosiyana ndi zingwe zamkuwa, zingwe za fiber optic sizinyamula magetsi, zomwe zimachotsa kuopsa kwa magetsi. Komabe, kusamala kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti tipewe kuvulala kwamaso kuchokera ku kuwala kwa laser komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kapena kukonza. Ndikoyenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera (PPE) ndikutsatira malangizo achitetezo pogwira ntchito ndi zingwe za fiber optic.

Q11: Kodi ma network akale angasinthidwe kukhala zingwe za fiber optic?

A11: Inde, ma network omwe alipo atha kusinthidwa kukhala zingwe za fiber optic. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusintha kapena kukonzanso makina opangidwa ndi mkuwa ndi zida za fiber optic. Kusintha kupita ku fiber optics kumapereka magwiridwe antchito komanso kutsimikizira kwamtsogolo, kuwonetsetsa kuthekera kokwaniritsa zomwe zikukulirakulira kwa njira zamakono zolumikizirana.

Q12: Kodi zingwe za fiber optic sizigwirizana ndi chilengedwe?

A12: Zingwe za fiber optic zidapangidwa kuti zisagwirizane ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Amatha kupirira kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, chinyezi, ngakhalenso kukhudzana ndi mankhwala. Komabe, zovuta zachilengedwe monga kupindika kwambiri kapena kuphwanya kungakhudze magwiridwe antchito a zingwe.

Fiber Optic Networking Glossary

Kuchedwa - Kutsika kwamphamvu kwa siginecha mozungulira kutalika kwa fiber optical. Amayezedwa mu ma decibel pa kilomita (dB/km).
bandiwifi - Kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe ingathe kufalitsidwa pa intaneti mu nthawi yokhazikika. Bandwidth imayesedwa mu megabits kapena gigabits pamphindikati.
Kuyika - Chingwe chakunja chozungulira pakati pa nsonga ya kuwala. Ili ndi cholozera chocheperako kuposa pachimake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kwamkati mkati mwapakati.
cholumikizira - Chida choyimitsa makina chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zingwe za fiber optic kuti zilumikize mapanelo, zida kapena zingwe zina. Zitsanzo ndi LC, SC, ST ndi FC zolumikizira.
pakati - Pakatikati pa chingwe cha kuwala komwe kuwala kumafalikira kudzera mukuwunikira kwathunthu kwamkati. Wopangidwa ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki ndipo ali ndi index yotsika kwambiri kuposa yophimba.
dB (decibel) - Chigawo cha muyeso woyimira chiŵerengero cha logarithmic cha milingo iwiri yazizindikiro. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu (attenuation) mu maulalo a fiber optic.
Efaneti - Ukadaulo wapaintaneti wama netiweki amderali (LANs) womwe umagwiritsa ntchito ma fiber optic cabling ndikudutsa pazingwe zopotoka kapena coaxial. Miyezo ikuphatikizapo 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-SX ndi 10GBASE-SR.
Jumper - Chingwe chaching'ono chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zida za fiber optic kapena kulumikizana ndi ma cabling system. Amatchedwanso chingwe chachigamba.
Loss - Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya siginecha ya kuwala panthawi yopatsirana kudzera pa ulalo wa fiber optic. Amayezedwa mu ma decibel (dB) okhala ndi milingo yambiri ya netiweki ya fiber yomwe imanena za kutayika kwakukulu kovomerezeka.
Bandwidth ya Modal - Ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri pomwe mitundu ingapo ya kuwala imatha kufalikira bwino mumitundu yambiri. Kuyesedwa mu megahertz (MHz) pa kilomita.
Kubowo Kwa Nambala - Mulingo wa kuvomereza kowala kwa ulusi wa kuwala. Ma fiber okhala ndi NA apamwamba amatha kuvomereza kuwala kulowa m'makona okulirapo, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutsika kwambiri.
Buku la Refractive - Muyeso wa momwe kuwala kumafalikira kudzera muzinthu. Kukwera kwa refractive index, kuwala kumayenda pang'onopang'ono m'zinthu. Kusiyana kwa refractive index pakati pa core ndi cladding kumalola kuwunikira kwathunthu mkati.
Fayilo Yokhala-Yokha - Chingwe chowoneka bwino chokhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono omwe amalola kuwala kamodzi kokha kufalikira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa bandwidth mtunda wautali chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake. Kukula kwapakati pa 8-10 microns.
Dulani - Kulumikizana kosatha pakati pa zingwe ziwiri kapena zingwe ziwiri za fiber optic. Pamafunika makina a splice kuti alumikizane ndendende ndi magalasi a magalasi kuti apititse patsogolo njira yopatsirana yopanda kutaya pang'ono.

Werengani Ndiponso: Fiber Optic Cable Terminology 101: Mndandanda Wathunthu & Fotokozani

Kodi Fiber Optic Cables Ndi Chiyani?

Zingwe za fiber optic ndi zazitali, zingwe zopyapyala zagalasi loyera kwambiri kufalitsa zidziwitso za digito pamtunda wautali. Amapangidwa ndi galasi la silika ndipo amakhala ndi ulusi wonyamula kuwala wokonzedwa m'mitolo kapena mitolo. Ulusiwu umatumiza kuwala kudzera mugalasilo kuchokera kugwero kupita komwe akupita. Kuwala komwe kuli pakatikati pa ulusiwo kumadutsa mu ulusiwu poyang'ana malire pakati pa pachimake ndi chotchinga.

Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zingwe za fiber optic: single-mode ndi multi-mode. Ulusi wamtundu umodzi kukhala ndi pakati yopapatiza kuti amalola kuti njira imodzi ya kuwala kufalitsidwa, pamene ulusi wamitundu yambiri kukhala ndi pachimake chotakata chomwe chimalola mitundu ingapo ya kuwala kufalikira nthawi imodzi. Ulusi wamtundu umodzi nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza anthu mtunda wautali, pomwe ulusi wamitundu yambiri ndi wabwino kwambiri pamtunda wamfupi. Miyendo yamitundu yonse iwiri ya ulusiyo imapangidwa ndi galasi loyera kwambiri la silika, koma ulusi wamtundu umodzi umafunikira kulolerana kolimba kuti apange.

Nali gulu:

Mitundu ya chingwe cha singlemode fiber optic

OS1/OS2: Zapangidwira ma bandwidth apamwamba pamayendedwe aatali. Kukula kwenikweni kwapakati ndi ma microns 8.3. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa telecom/service provider, mabizinesi a backbone links ndi data center interconnects.
Machubu odzaza gel otayirira: Ulusi wambiri wa 250um wokhala ndi machubu otayirira amitundu mu jekete yakunja. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika mbewu zakunja.
Zotetezedwa mwamphamvu: 250um ulusi ndi wosanjikiza zoteteza pansi jekete. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mbewu zakunja m'mizere yamlengalenga, ma conduits, ndi ma ducts.

Mitundu ya chingwe cha Multimode fiber optic:

OM1/OM2: Kwa mtunda waufupi, tsitsani bandwidth. Kukula kwakukulu kwa 62.5 microns. Zambiri zama netiweki omwe adadziwika kale.
OM3: Kwa 10Gb Ethernet mpaka 300m. Core kukula kwake ndi 50 microns. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira data ndikumanga misana.
OM4: Bandiwifi yapamwamba kuposa OM3 ya 100G Efaneti ndi 400G Efaneti mpaka 150m. Komanso 50 micron core.
OM5: Muyezo waposachedwa kwambiri wa bandwidth (mpaka 100G Ethernet) pamtunda waufupi kwambiri (osachepera 100m). Kwa mapulogalamu omwe akubwera ngati 50G PON mu 5G opanda zingwe ndi maukonde anzeru amtawuni.
Zingwe zogawa: Muli ndi 6 kapena 12 250um ulusi wolumikizira pakati pa zipinda zapa telecom / pansi panyumba.

Zingwe zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala ndi singlemode ndi ulusi wa multimode zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito polumikizana ndi msana wa zomangamanga pomwe njira zonse ziwiri ziyenera kuthandizidwa.

Werengani Ndiponso: Kuyang'ana Kwambiri: Multimode Fiber Optic Cable vs Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable

Zingwe za Fiber Optic nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ulusi wina uliwonse womwe umalumikizidwa pamodzi kuti ukhale wolimba komanso chitetezo. Mkati mwa chingwe, ulusi uliwonse umakutidwa ndi pulasitiki yake yotetezera ndipo imatetezedwa ku kuwonongeka kwa kunja ndi kuwala ndi chitetezo chowonjezera ndi kutsekemera pakati pa ulusi ndi kunja kwa chingwe chonse. Zingwe zina zimakhalanso zotsekereza madzi kapena zosamva madzi kuti madzi asawonongeke. Kuyika koyenera kumafunanso kulumikiza mosamala ndikuthetsa ulusi kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa ma sign pakapita nthawi yayitali.

Poyerekeza ndi zingwe zachitsulo zamkuwa, zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka maubwino angapo potumiza uthenga. Amakhala ndi ma bandwidth apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amawalola kunyamula zambiri. Amalemera mopepuka, amakhala olimba, ndipo amatha kutumizirana mauthenga pa mtunda wautali. Amakhala osakhudzidwa ndi kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma ndipo samayendetsa magetsi. Izi zimawapangitsanso kukhala otetezeka kwambiri chifukwa satulutsa zowala zilizonse ndipo sangathe kuponyedwa kapena kuyang'aniridwa mosavuta ngati zingwe zamkuwa. Ponseponse, zingwe za fiber optic zathandizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa liwiro la intaneti komanso kudalirika.

Mitundu Yodziwika Yazingwe za Fiber Optic

Zingwe za Fiber optic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potumiza ma data ndi ma siginecha olumikizana ndi matelefoni pa liwiro lalitali. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zingwe za fiber optic, iliyonse yopangidwira ntchito zinazake. Mu gawoli, tikambirana mitundu itatu yodziwika bwino: chingwe cha mlengalenga cha fiber optic, chingwe chapansi pa nthaka, ndi chingwe cha undersea fiber optic.

1. Chingwe cha Aerial Fiber Optic

Zingwe za mlengalenga za fiber optic amapangidwa kuti aziyika pamwamba pa nthaka, makamaka pamitengo kapena nsanja. Amatetezedwa ndi chikwapu chakunja cholimba chomwe chimatchinjiriza ulusi wosalimba kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga nyengo, kuwala kwa UV, ndi kusokonezedwa kwa nyama zakuthengo. Nthawi zambiri zingwe zapamlengalenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumidzi kapena polumikizirana mtunda wautali pakati pa mizinda. Ndizotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kuziyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino kwamakampani opanga matelefoni m'madera ena.

Werengani Ndiponso: Chitsogozo Chokwanira Pamwamba pa Ground Fiber Optic Cable

2. Mobisa CHIKWANGWANI Optic Chingwe

Monga dzina likunenera, zingwe zapansi pa nthaka za fiber optic zili kukwiriridwa pansi pa nthaka kupereka njira yotetezedwa komanso yotetezedwa. Zingwezi zapangidwa kuti zisawonongeke ndi zovuta za chilengedwe, monga chinyezi, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ndi kupsinjika kwa thupi. Zingwe zapansi panthaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'matauni, komwe malo amakhala ochepa, ndipo chitetezo ku kuwonongeka mwangozi kapena kuwonongeka ndikofunikira. Nthawi zambiri amayikidwa kudzera mu ngalande zapansi kapena kukwiriridwa mwachindunji mu ngalande.

3. Chingwe cha Undersea Fiber Optic

Zingwe za Undersea fiber optic zidapangidwa makamaka kuti zikhazikike kudutsa pansi pa nyanja kulumikiza makontinenti ndikuthandizira kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Zingwe zimenezi amazipanga kuti zisapirire kupanikizika kwambiri komanso kuopsa kwa malo a pansi pa madzi. Nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa ndi zida zingapo zachitsulo kapena polyethylene, komanso zokutira zopanda madzi. Zingwe zapansi pa nyanja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa deta padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pothandizira kulumikizidwa kwa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi. Amatha kuyenda makilomita masauzande ambiri ndipo ndi ofunikira pakulankhulana kwapakati pa mayiko, kuthandizira kusamutsa deta kwapamwamba komanso kugwirizanitsa padziko lonse lapansi.

4. Mwachindunji M'manda Fiber Optic Chingwe

Zingwe zokwiriridwa mwachindunji za fiber optic zidapangidwa kuti zizikwiriridwa pansi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ngalande kapena zotchingira zoteteza. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu omwe nthaka ili yoyenera komanso chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kapena kusokoneza ndi kochepa. Zingwezi zimamangidwa ndi zigawo zowonjezera zodzitchinjiriza, monga ma jekete olemera kwambiri ndi zida zankhondo, kuti zipirire zoopsa zomwe zingachitike monga chinyezi, makoswe, komanso kupsinjika kwamakina.

5. Riboni Fiber Optic Chingwe

Zingwe za riboni za fiber optic zimakhala ndi ulusi wambiri wowoneka bwino wopangidwa m'mapangidwe ngati riboni. Ulusiwo nthawi zambiri amawunjikidwa pamwamba wina ndi mzake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa ulusi mkati mwa chingwe chimodzi. Zingwe za riboni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kachulukidwe kwambiri komanso kuphatikizika, monga malo opangira data kapena kusinthana kwa matelefoni. Amathandizira kugwira ntchito mosavuta, kuphatikizika, ndi kutha, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kuyika komwe ulusi wambiri umafunika.

6. Wotayirira chubu CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe Chingwe

Zingwe za chubu zotayirira zimakhala ndi ulusi umodzi kapena zingapo zotsekeredwa mu machubu oteteza. Machubu a buffer awa amagwira ntchito ngati zodzitchinjiriza paokha ulusi, kupereka kukana chinyezi, kupsinjika kwamakina, komanso zinthu zachilengedwe. Zingwe zamachubu zotayirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo akunja kapena ankhanza, monga maukonde olankhulana mtunda wautali kapena madera omwe amakonda kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Kapangidwe kachubu kotayirira kamakupatsani mwayi wodziwika bwino wa fiber, kudzipatula, komanso kukweza kwamtsogolo.

7. Chingwe cha Fiber Optic Cable

Zingwe zokhala ndi zida za fiber optic zimalimbikitsidwa ndi zigawo zina zankhondo, monga chitsulo chamalata kapena matepi a aluminiyamu kapena zomangira. Chigawo chowonjezerachi chimapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka pakuwonongeka kwakuthupi m'malo ovuta pomwe zingwe zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi mphamvu zakunja, kuphatikiza makina olemera, makoswe, kapena zovuta zamakampani. Zingwe zankhondo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, migodi, kapena malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonongeka mwangozi.

Mitundu yowonjezera iyi ya zingwe za fiber optic imapereka mawonekedwe apadera ndi chitetezo kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zoyika komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira. Kusankha mtundu wa chingwe kumatengera zinthu monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, chitetezo chofunikira, njira yoyika, ndi zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka. Kaya ndikuyika maliro achindunji, kuyika kachulukidwe kwambiri, maukonde akunja, kapena malo ovutirapo, kusankha chingwe choyenera cha fiber optic kumatsimikizira kutumiza kwa data kodalirika komanso kothandiza.

8. Mitundu Yatsopano ya Fiber Optic Cable

Ukadaulo wa Fiber optic ukupitilizabe kusinthika, ndi mapangidwe atsopano a ulusi ndi zida zomwe zimathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito zina. Mitundu ina yaposachedwa kwambiri ya fiber optic chingwe ndi:

Ulusi wopindika wopindika - Zingwe zokhala ndi index yokhazikika zomwe zimalepheretsa kutayika kwa kuwala kapena kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe apakati / zotchingira zikapindika pamakona olimba kapena zopindika. Ulusi wopindika wopindika umatha kupirira ma radii mpaka 7.5mm pa single-mode ndi 5mm yama multimode popanda kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Ulusiwu umalola kutumizidwa kwa ulusi m'malo osayenerera ma bend radii akulu ndikutha pakulumikizana kolimba kwambiri.
Ulusi wa pulasitiki (POF) - Ulusi wowala wopangidwa kuchokera pakatikati pa pulasitiki ndi zokutira osati galasi. POF ndi yosinthika, yosavuta kuyithetsa, komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa magalasi optical fiber. Komabe, POF ili ndi kutsika kwambiri komanso kutsika kwa bandwidth, kumayimitsa maulalo pansi pa 100 metres. POF ndiyothandiza pamagetsi ogula, ma netiweki amagalimoto, komanso kuwongolera kwamafakitale komwe kuchita bwino sikuli kofunikira.
Multicore fibers - Mapangidwe atsopano a ulusi okhala ndi 6, 12 kapena 19 osiyana-mode-mode kapena ma cores amitundu yosiyanasiyana mkati mwazovala wamba ndi jekete. Ma multicore fiber amatha kufalitsa ma siginecha angapo okhala ndi chingwe chimodzi cha ulusi ndi kuthetsedwa kamodzi kapena malo ophatikizika a kachulukidwe apamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, ma multicore fibers amafunikira zida zolumikizira zovuta kwambiri monga ma multicore cleavers ndi zolumikizira za MPO. Kuchepetsa kwambiri komanso bandwidth kumathanso kusiyana ndi ulusi wamtundu umodzi komanso wapawiri. Multicore fibers amawona ntchito mu telecom ndi data center network.
Hollow core ulusi - Mtundu wa ulusi womwe ukutuluka wokhala ndi kanjira kakang'ono pakati pomwe wozunguliridwa ndi chotchinga chopangidwa ndi microstructured chomwe chimatsekereza kuwala mkati mwa dzenje. Ulusi wapakatikati umakhala ndi latency yotsika komanso umachepetsa zotsatira zopanda mzere zomwe zimasokoneza ma siginecha, koma zimakhala zovuta kupanga ndikupitilirabe chitukuko chaukadaulo. M'tsogolomu, ulusi wapakati ukhoza kupangitsa maukonde othamanga chifukwa cha liwiro lomwe kuwala kumatha kuyenda mumlengalenga ndi magalasi olimba.

Ngakhale akadali zinthu zapadera, mitundu yatsopano ya ulusi imakulitsa ntchito pomwe ma fiber optic cabling ndi othandiza komanso otsika mtengo, kulola maukonde kuthamanga kwambiri, m'malo ocheperako, komanso mtunda waufupi. Pamene ulusi watsopano umakhala wochulukirachulukira, amapereka zosankha kuti athe kukhathamiritsa magawo osiyanasiyana amanetiweki potengera zosowa zantchito komanso zofunikira pakuyika. Kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wam'badwo wotsatira kumapangitsa ukadaulo wa netiweki kukhala pachiwopsezo.

Kufotokozera kwa Chingwe cha Fiber Optic ndi Kusankha

Zingwe za fiber optic zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti zigwirizane ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zofunikira pa intaneti. Zomwe muyenera kuziganizira posankha chingwe cha fiber optic ndi:

Kukula Kwakukulu - Kukula kwapakati kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe ingafalitsidwe. Ulusi wamtundu umodzi uli ndi phata laling'ono (8-10 microns) lomwe limalola njira imodzi yokha ya kuwala kufalikira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti bandwidth yapamwamba ndi mtunda wautali. Ulusi wamitundu yambiri uli ndi pachimake chokulirapo (50-62.5 ma microns) omwe amalola mitundu ingapo ya kuwala kufalikira, yabwino kwa mtunda waufupi komanso bandwidth yotsika.
Kuyika - Chovalacho chimazungulira pachimake ndipo chimakhala ndi cholozera chocheperako, chomwe chimatchingira kuwala pakati pakuwonetsa kwathunthu kwamkati. Kutsekera m'mimba mwake kumakhala ma microns 125 mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwapakati.
Buffer Material - Chida chotchinga chimateteza chingwe cha ulusi kuti zisawonongeke komanso chinyezi. Zosankha zodziwika bwino ndi Teflon, PVC, ndi polyethylene. Zingwe zakunja zimafuna zida zosagwira madzi, zoteteza nyengo.
jekete - Jekete lakunja limapereka chitetezo chowonjezera chakuthupi ndi chilengedwe cha chingwe. Ma jekete achingwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu monga PVC, HDPE ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi zida. Ma jekete akunja ayenera kupirira kutentha kwakukulu, kuwonetseredwa kwa UV, ndi abrasion.
M'nyumba vs. Kunja - Kuphatikiza pa ma jekete ndi ma buffer osiyanasiyana, zingwe zamkati ndi zakunja za fiber optic zimakhala ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Zingwe zakunja zimalekanitsa ulusi umodzi kukhala chubu lotayirira kapena machubu otchinga mkati mwa chinthu chapakati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinyontho chitseke. Zingwe za riboni za m'nyumba zimamangirira ndikusunga ulusi kuti uchuluke kwambiri. Zingwe zakunja zimafunikira kukhazikika koyenera ndikuwonjezeranso kuyika kwa chitetezo cha UV, kusintha kwa kutentha, komanso kutsitsa mphepo.

Kuti sankhani chingwe cha fiber optic, lingalirani ntchito, bandwidth yomwe mukufuna, ndi malo oyika. Zingwe zamtundu umodzi ndizabwino kwambiri pakuyankhulirana kwakutali, kothamanga kwambiri ngati ma network backbones. Zingwe zama Multi-mode zimagwira ntchito bwino pamtunda waufupi komanso zosowa zotsika za bandwidth mkati mwa nyumba. Zingwe zamkati sizifuna ma jekete apamwamba kapena kukana madzi, pomwe zingwe zakunja zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zolimba kuti ziteteze ku nyengo ndi kuwonongeka.

Zingwe:

Type	CHIKWANGWANI	gawo lotetezedwa	jekete	mlingo	ntchito
Single-mode OS2	9/125μm	Tube lotayirira	PVC	m'nyumba	Malo msana
Multimode OM3/OM4	50/125μm	Bafa yolimba	OFNR	panja	Data center/campus
oti muli nazo zida	Single/multi-mode	Chubu lotayirira/buffer yolimba	PE/polyurethane/waya wachitsulo	Kuikidwa mmanda panja/mwachindunji	Malo ovuta
ADSS	Single-mode	Osasunthika	Kudzithandiza	Ndege	FTTA/poles/utility
Mtengo wa OPGW	Single-mode	Tube lotayirira	Zodzithandizira zokha / zingwe zachitsulo	Aerial static	Zingwe zamagetsi zapamtunda
Gwetsani zingwe	Single/multi-mode	900μm/3mm ma subunits	PVC / plenum	Kunja / kunja	Kulumikizana komaliza kwamakasitomala

Kuyanjana:

Type	CHIKWANGWANI	Kugonana	Polish	Kutha	ntchito
LC	Single/multi-mode	PC/APC	Kukhudza thupi (PC) kapena 8 ° angle (APC)	Single fiber kapena duplex	Chojambulira chodziwika bwino cha single/awiri CHIKWANGWANI, kachulukidwe kwambiri
MPO/MTP	Multi-mode (12/24 fiber)	PC/APC	Kukhudza thupi (PC) kapena 8 ° angle (APC)	Multifiber array	Kulumikizana kwa 40 / 100G, trunking, malo opangira deta
SC	Single/multi-mode	PC/APC	Kukhudza thupi (PC) kapena 8 ° angle (APC)	Simplex kapena duplex	Mapulogalamu a cholowa, maukonde ena onyamula
ST	Single/multi-mode	PC/APC	Kukhudza thupi (PC) kapena 8 ° angle (APC)	Simplex kapena duplex	Mapulogalamu a cholowa, maukonde ena onyamula
MU	Single-mode	PC/APC	Kukhudza thupi (PC) kapena 8 ° angle (APC)	Simplex	Malo owopsa, fiber mpaka mlongoti
zotsekera / thireyi	N / A	NA	NA	Fusion kapena makina	Kusintha, kubwezeretsedwa kapena mwayi wapakati

Chonde onani bukhuli posankha zinthu za fiber optic kuti mudziwe mtundu woyenera wa pulogalamu yanu ndi malo ochezera. Kuti mumve zambiri pazamankhwala aliwonse, chonde lemberani opanga mwachindunji kapena ndidziwitseni momwe ndingaperekere malingaliro ena kapena thandizo losankha.

Zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka zinthu zoyenerera kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa za ma netiweki pamalo aliwonse pomwe mtundu woyenera wasankhidwa kutengera zomwe zimafunikira, kukula kwapakati, mtundu wa jekete, ndi malo oyika. Kuganizira za izi kumathandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito, chitetezo, komanso phindu.

Miyezo Yamakampani a Fiber Optic Cable

Makampani opanga chingwe cha fiber optic amatsatira miyezo yosiyanasiyana kuti awonetsetse kuti zimagwirizana, kudalirika, komanso kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Gawoli likuwunikira zina mwazinthu zofunikira zamakampani zomwe zimayang'anira chingwe cha fiber optic ndi kufunikira kwake pakuwonetsetsa kuti maukonde olumikizirana opanda msoko.

TIA/EIA-568: Muyezo wa TIA/EIA-568, wopangidwa ndi Telecommunications Viwanda Association (TIA) ndi Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), umapereka malangizo opangira ndi kukhazikitsa makina opangidwa bwino, kuphatikiza zingwe za fiber optic. Imakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana, monga mitundu ya chingwe, zolumikizira, magwiridwe antchito, ndi zofunikira zoyesa. Kutsatira mulingo uwu kumapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala okhazikika komanso odalirika pamaikidwe osiyanasiyana a netiweki.
ISO/IEC 11801: Muyezo wa ISO/IEC 11801 umakhazikitsa zofunikira pamakina amtundu wamba, kuphatikiza zingwe za fiber optic, m'malo ogulitsa. Zimakhudza zinthu monga kutumiza, magulu a chingwe, zolumikizira, ndi machitidwe oyika. Kutsatira mulingo uwu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwirizana komanso kusasinthika kwa magwiridwe antchito pamakina osiyanasiyana.
ANSI/TIA-598: Muyezo wa ANSI/TIA-598 umapereka malangizo a kalembedwe ka zingwe za fiber optic, kufotokozera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi, zokutira zotchingira, ndi mitundu ya boot yolumikizira. Muyezo uwu umatsimikizira kufananiza ndikuthandizira kuzindikira kosavuta komanso kufananiza kwa zingwe za fiber optic pakuyika, kukonza, ndi kuthetsa mavuto.
ITU-T G.651: Muyezo wa ITU-T G.651 umatanthawuza makhalidwe ndi magawo opatsirana a multimode optical fibers. Imakhudza zinthu monga core size, refractive index profile, ndi modal bandwidth. Kutsatira mulingo uwu kumawonetsetsa kuti zingwe za multimode fiber optic zizigwira ntchito mosasinthasintha pamakina ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana.
ITU-T G.652: Muyezo wa ITU-T G.652 umatchula mawonekedwe ndi magawo opatsirana a ulusi wamtundu umodzi. Imakhudza mbali monga attenuation, dispersion, ndi cutoff wavelength. Kutsatira mulingo uwu kumawonetsetsa kuti zingwe zamtundu umodzi wa fiber optic zimagwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso zodalirika pazogwiritsa ntchito mtunda wautali.

Kutsatira miyezo yamakampaniyi ndikofunikira pakusunga kugwirizana, kudalirika, komanso magwiridwe antchito pakuyika kwa chingwe cha fiber optic. Kutsatira kumawonetsetsa kuti zingwe, zolumikizira, ndi zida zamanetiweki zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana zitha kugwirira ntchito limodzi mosavutikira, kufewetsa kamangidwe ka netiweki, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukonza. Imathandiziranso kugwilizana ndikupereka chiyankhulo chofanana kuti anthu azilankhulana pakati pa akatswiri amakampani.

Ngakhale awa ndi ochepa chabe mwa miyezo yamakampani ya zingwe za fiber optic, kufunikira kwake sikungapitirire. Potsatira izi, opanga ma network, oyika, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika ndi mtundu wa fiber optic zomangamanga, kulimbikitsa maukonde olankhulana abwino komanso odalirika.

Werengani Ndiponso: Demystifying Fiber Optic Cable Standards: A Comprehensive Guide

Kupanga Chingwe cha Fiber Optic ndi Kutumiza Kuwala

Zingwe za fiber optic zimapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za silika wosakanikirana, galasi loyera kwambiri lomwe limawonekera kwambiri. Pakatikati pake pali cholozera chowoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa chotchingira chakunja, chomwe chimalola kuti kuwala kutsogolere ulusi kudzera mukunyezimira kwathunthu kwamkati.

Msonkhano wa fiber optic cable uli ndi zigawo izi:

Zigawo ndi kapangidwe ka chingwe cha fiber optic zimatsimikizira kuyenerera kwake pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana ndi malo oyika. Zofunika kwambiri pakupanga ma cable ndi:

Kukula kwapakati - Ulusi wagalasi wamkati womwe umanyamula ma sign a kuwala. Miyeso wamba ndi 9/125μm, 50/125μm, ndi 62.5/125μm. 9/125μm single-mode CHIKWANGWANI chili ndi maziko opapatiza mtunda wautali, bandwidth imathamanga kwambiri. 50/125μm ndi 62.5/125μm ulusi wamitundu ingapo amakhala ndi ma cores otalikira pamalumikizidwe amfupi pomwe bandwidth yayikulu sikufunika.
Machubu a buffer - Zovala zapulasitiki zomwe zimazungulira ulusi kuti zitetezeke. Ulusi ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osiyana a buffer machubu kuti apange bungwe komanso kudzipatula. Machubu otsekera amatetezanso chinyezi kutali ndi ulusi. Machubu otayirira komanso machubu olimba kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mamembala amphamvu - Ulusi wa Aramid, ndodo za fiberglass kapena mawaya achitsulo omwe amaphatikizidwa pachimake cha chingwe kuti apereke mphamvu zolimba komanso kupewa kupsinjika kwa ulusi pakuyika kapena kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Mamembala amphamvu amachepetsa kutalika ndikulola kuti azikoka kwambiri poika chingwe.
Zodzala - Zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena zoyika, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi magalasi a fiberglass, amawonjezedwa pachimake cha chingwe kuti apereke chiwongolero ndikupangitsa chingwe kukhala chozungulira. Zodzaza zimangotenga malo osawonjezera mphamvu kapena chitetezo. Ingophatikizidwa ngati pakufunika kuti mukwaniritse chingwe chokwanira.
Jekete lakunja - Pulasitiki yomwe imatsekera pachimake chingwe, zodzaza, ndi mamembala amphamvu. Jekete imateteza ku chinyezi, abrasion, mankhwala, ndi zina zowonongeka zachilengedwe. Zida za jekete wamba ndi HDPE, MDPE, PVC, ndi LSZH. Chingwe chovotera panja chimagwiritsa ntchito ma jekete okhuthala, osamva UV ngati polyethylene kapena polyurethane.
zida - Chophimba chachitsulo chowonjezera, nthawi zambiri chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu, chimayikidwa pamwamba pa jekete la chingwe kuti chitetezeke pamakina ndi makoswe. Chingwe chokhala ndi zida za fiber optic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chikayikidwa m'malo ovuta omwe angawonongeke. Zida zimawonjezera kulemera kwakukulu ndipo zimachepetsa kusinthasintha kotero zimangolimbikitsidwa pakafunika.
Ripcord - Chingwe cha nayiloni pansi pa jekete yakunja yomwe imalola kuti jekete ichotse mosavuta pakutha ndi kulumikiza. Kungokoka nthiti kumagawaniza jekete popanda kuwononga ulusi pansi. Ripcord siyikuphatikizidwa mumitundu yonse yama chingwe cha fiber optic.

Kuphatikizika kwapadera kwa zigawo zomangazi kumapanga chingwe cha fiber optic chokometsedwa chifukwa cha malo ake ogwirira ntchito komanso zofunikira zogwirira ntchito. Ophatikiza amatha kusankha kuchokera kumitundu yamitundu yama chingwe pa netiweki iliyonse ya fiber optic.

Dziwani zambiri: Zigawo za Fiber Optic Cable: Mndandanda Wathunthu & Fotokozani

Kuwala kukakhala pakatikati pa fiber optic core, kumawonetsa mawonekedwe a cladding pamakona akulu kuposa ngodya yofunikira, kumayenda mosalekeza mu ulusi. Kuwunikira kwamkati mkati mwautali wa ulusi kumathandizira kutayika kwa kuwala kosasamala pa mtunda wautali.

Kusiyana kwa refractive index pakati pa core ndi cladding, kuyeza ndi kabowo ka manambala (NA), kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kungalowe mu ulusi ndi ma angle angati omwe angawonetse mkati. Nambala yapamwamba ya NA imalola kuvomereza kowala komanso kowoneka bwino, koyenda mtunda waufupi, pomwe NA yotsika imakhala ndi kuvomereza kocheperako koma imatha kufalitsa mosavutikira kwambiri pamitali yayitali.

Mapangidwe ndi kutumizirana kwa zingwe za fiber optic zimalola kuthamanga kosayerekezeka, bandwidth, ndi kufikira kwa maukonde a fiber optic. Popanda zida zamagetsi, ma fiber optics amapereka njira yabwino yolumikizirana ndi digito ndikupangitsa matekinoloje amtsogolo. Kumvetsetsa momwe kuwala kungakwaniritsidwire kuyenda mailosi mkati mwa galasi ulusi woonda ngati tsitsi la munthu ndikofunikira kuti titsegule kuthekera kwa makina opangira ma fiber optic.

Mbiri ya Fiber Optic Cables

Kupanga zingwe za fiber optic kunayamba cha m'ma 1960 ndi kupangidwa kwa laser. Asayansi anazindikira kuti kuwala kwa laser kumatha kufalikira mtunda wautali kudzera m'magalasi opyapyala. Mu 1966, Charles Kao ndi George Hockham ananena kuti ulusi wagalasi ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza kuwala kwa mtunda wautali ndikutayika kochepa. Ntchito yawo idayala maziko aukadaulo wamakono wa fiber optic.

Mu 1970, ofufuza a Corning Glass Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, ndi Peter Schultz anatulukira ulusi woyamba wa kuwala wokhala ndi zotayika zochepa zokwanira zogwiritsira ntchito mauthenga. Kupanga kwa ulusiwu kunapangitsa kuti kafukufuku agwiritse ntchito ma fiber optics polumikizirana. M'zaka khumi zotsatira, makampani adayamba kupanga njira zolumikizirana ndi ma fibre optic telecommunication.

Mu 1977, General Telephone ndi Electronics adatumiza mafoni oyamba amoyo kudzera mu zingwe za fiber optic ku Long Beach, California. Kuyesaku kunawonetsa kuthekera kwa matelefoni a fiber optic. M'zaka zonse za m'ma 1980, makampani omwe akugwira ntchito yotumiza maukonde amtundu wautali adalumikiza mizinda yayikulu ku US ndi Europe. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, makampani amafoni aboma adayamba kusintha matelefoni amkuwa ndi zingwe za fiber optic.

Oyambitsa komanso oyambitsa ukadaulo wa fiber optic akuphatikizapo Narinder Singh Kapany, Jun-ichi Nishizawa, ndi Robert Maurer. Kapany amadziwika kuti "Father of Fiber Optics" chifukwa cha ntchito yake m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 popanga ndi kukhazikitsa teknoloji ya fiber optic. Nishizawa adapanga njira yoyamba yolumikizirana yolumikizirana mu 1953. Maurer adatsogolera gulu la Corning Glass lomwe linapanga ulusi woyamba wochepa wotayika womwe umathandizira kulumikizana kwamakono kwa fiber optic.

Kupanga zingwe za fiber optic kwasintha kwambiri kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo kwathandizira intaneti yothamanga kwambiri komanso maukonde azidziwitso padziko lonse lapansi omwe tili nawo masiku ano. Ukadaulo wa Fiber optic walumikiza dziko lapansi polola kuti deta yochulukirapo ifalitsidwe padziko lonse lapansi m'masekondi.

Pomaliza, kwa zaka zambiri asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku agwira ntchito, zingwe za fiber optic zidapangidwa ndikukonzedwa kuti zizitha kutulutsa kuwala kwakutali. Kupanga kwawo ndi malonda asintha dziko lapansi pothandizira njira zatsopano zolankhulirana padziko lonse lapansi ndikupeza chidziwitso.

Zomangamanga za Kulumikizana kwa Fiber

Pakatikati pake, fiber optic network imapangidwa ndi magawo angapo ofunikira omwe amalumikizana kuti apange maziko otumizira ndi kulandira deta kudzera pa ma siginecha opepuka. Zofunikira zikuphatikizapo:

Zingwe za fiber optic monga Unitube Light-armored Cable (GYXS/GYXTW) kapena Unitube Non-metallic Micro Cable (JET) zili ndi tingwe tating'ono ta galasi kapena pulasitiki ndipo zimapereka njira yomwe siginecha imayenda. Mitundu yama chingwe imaphatikizapo singlemode, multimode, hybrid fiber optic chingwe ndi zingwe zogawa. Zinthu zosankhidwa ndi fiber mode/ count, kumanga, kukhazikitsa, ndi ma network. Zingwe zagalasi kapena pulasitiki zopyapyala, zomwe zimakhala ngati njira yotumizira kuwala kwa mtunda wautali. Zapangidwa kuti zichepetse kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndikusunga umphumphu wa deta yofalitsidwa.
Gwero la kuwala: Gwero la kuwala, lomwe nthawi zambiri ndi laser kapena LED (Light Emitting Diode), limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zizindikiro zowunikira zomwe zimafalitsidwa kudzera muzitsulo za kuwala. Gwero la kuwala liyenera kutulutsa kuwala kokhazikika komanso kosasinthasintha kuti zitsimikizire kutumiza deta yodalirika.
Zigawo zolumikizirana: zigawozi zimalumikiza zingwe ku zida, kulola kuzigamba. Zolumikizira monga LC, SC ndi MPO zingwe ziwiri za fiber kumadoko ndi zingwe. Ma adapter ngati Fiber optic adapter/coupler flange/fast optic cholumikizira amalumikizana ndi zolumikizira pamapanelo. Zingwe zachigamba zomwe zathetsedwa kale ndi zolumikizira zimapanga maulalo osakhalitsa. Kulumikizana kumasamutsa ma siginecha opepuka pakati pa zingwe za chingwe, zida, ndi zingwe zolumikizira ulalo. Fananizani mitundu yolumikizira ku zosowa zoyika ndi madoko a zida.
Zolumikizira: Zolumikizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ulusi wina uliwonse kapena kulumikiza ulusi kuzinthu zina za netiweki, monga masiwichi kapena ma router. Zolumikizira izi zimatsimikizira kulumikizidwa kotetezeka komanso kolondola kuti asunge kukhulupirika kwa data yotumizidwa.
Zida zolumikizira: Izi zimaphatikizapo zida monga mapanelo, zotsekera, ndi mabokosi oyimitsa. Zida za hardware izi zimapereka njira yabwino komanso yokonzekera kuyang'anira ndi kuteteza ulusi wa kuwala ndi malumikizidwe awo. Amathandizanso kuthetsa mavuto ndi kukonza maukonde.
Malo okhala ngati makabati oyimirira okha, zotchingira zotchingira kapena zotchingira pakhoma zimapereka chitetezo pakulumikizana kwa ulusi ndi ulusi wa slack / looping wokhala ndi zosankha zolimba kwambiri. Ma tray a slack ndi ma fiber guide amasunga kutalika kwa zingwe. Zotsekera zimateteza ku zoopsa zachilengedwe komanso kukonza kuchuluka kwa fiber.
Ma Transceivers: Ma Transceivers, omwe amadziwikanso kuti optical modules, amakhala ngati mawonekedwe pakati pa fiber optic network ndi zida zina zochezera, monga makompyuta, masiwichi, kapena ma routers. Amasintha ma siginecha amagetsi kukhala ma siginecha owoneka kuti atumizidwe ndi mosemphanitsa, kulola kusakanikirana kosasunthika pakati pa maukonde a fiber optic ndi maukonde achikhalidwe amkuwa.
Obwereza / Amplifiers: Zizindikiro za Fiber optic zimatha kutsika pamtunda wautali chifukwa cha kuchepa (kutaya kwa mphamvu yazizindikiro). Obwerezabwereza kapena amplifiers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso ndi kulimbikitsa zizindikiro za kuwala nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili bwino komanso zodalirika.
Ma switch ndi ma routers: Zida zama netiweki izi ndizomwe zimayang'anira kayendedwe ka data mkati mwa fiber optic network. Masinthidwe amathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa netiweki yakomweko, pomwe ma router amathandizira kusinthana kwa data pakati pa maukonde osiyanasiyana. Amathandizira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndikuwonetsetsa kufalikira kwa data moyenera.
Njira zodzitchinjiriza: Ma network a Fiber optic angaphatikizepo njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera monga njira zosafunikira, magetsi osunga zobwezeretsera, ndikusunga zosunga zobwezeretsera kuti zitsimikizire kupezeka kwakukulu komanso kudalirika kwa data. Njirazi zimathandizira kuchepetsa kutha kwa netiweki ndikuteteza kutayika kwa data pakalephera kapena kusokoneza.
Zida zoyesera monga ma OTDR ndi ma optical power metres amayezera magwiridwe antchito kuti zitsimikizire kufalikira koyenera. Ma OTDR amatsimikizira kuyika kwa chingwe ndikupeza zovuta. Mamita amagetsi amayang'ana kutayika kwa maulumikizidwe. Zogulitsa zoyendetsera zomangamanga zimathandizira pakulemba, kulemba zilembo, kukonza ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

Zigawozi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zikhale zolimba komanso zothamanga kwambiri za fiber optic network, zomwe zimathandiza kutumiza deta mwachangu komanso modalirika pamtunda wautali.

Kubweretsa zigawo pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsa koyenera, kuthetseratu, kugwirizanitsa ndi njira zopangira zigamba kumathandiza kusamutsa chizindikiro cha deta, mawu ndi mavidiyo m'masukulu onse, nyumba ndi zipangizo zochezerana. Kumvetsetsa zofunikira pamitengo ya data, kutayika kwa bajeti, kukula, ndi chilengedwe kumatsimikizira kuphatikiza kofunikira kwa zingwe, kulumikizana, kuyesa ndi zotsekera pa intaneti iliyonse.

Zosankha za Fiber Optic Cable

Zingwe za Fiber Optic zimapereka njira yotumizira ma siginecha atali mtunda waufupi kapena wautali. Pali mitundu ingapo yomwe ilipo yolumikizira zida zolumikizirana ndi intaneti, zida zamakasitomala, ndi zida zama foni. Zinthu monga malo oikirapo, mawonekedwe a fiber ndi kuwerengera, mitundu yolumikizira, ndi mitengo ya data zidzatsimikizira kuti chingwe cha fiber optic chomwe chili choyenera pa pulogalamu iliyonse.

Zingwe za Copper monga CAT5E Data Copper Cable kapena CAT6 Data Copper Cable zili ndi ulusi womangidwa ndi mapeya amkuwa, othandiza pomwe kulumikizana kwa ulusi ndi mkuwa kumafunika pa chingwe chimodzi. Zosankha zikuphatikizapo simplex/zip cord, duplex, distribution and breakout zingwe.

Ma Cable Ankhondo amaphatikiza zida zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira kuti atetezedwe ku zowonongeka kapena malo owopsa. Mitundu ikuphatikiza chingwe cha Stranded Loose Tube Non-metallic Strength Member Armored chingwe (GYFTA53) kapena Stranded Loose Tube Light-armored Cable (GYTS/GYTA) okhala ndi machubu odzazidwa ndi gel ndi zowonjezera zitsulo zogwiritsa ntchito kusukulu. Zida zolumikizirana kapena tepi yachitsulo yamalata imapereka chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri cha makoswe / mphezi.

Drop Cables amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira komaliza kuchokera kugawa kupita kumalo. Zosankha monga Chingwe chodzithandizira cha mtundu wa Bow (Mtengo wa GJYXFCH) kapena Chingwe chotsitsa chamtundu wa uta (GJXFH) musafune thandizo la strand. Chingwe chotsitsa cha Strenath Bow (Mtengo wa GJXFA) yalimbitsa mamembala amphamvu. Chingwe chotsitsa cha mtundu wa uta (Mtengo wa GJYXFHS) kwa kukhazikitsa kwa ngalande. Zosankha zamlengalenga zikuphatikizapo Chithunzi 8 Chingwe (GYTC8A) kapena Chingwe chonse cha Dielectric Self-supporting Aerial (ADSS).

Zina zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito m'nyumba ndi monga Unitube Light-armored Cable (GYXS/GYXTWUnitube Non-metallic Micro Cable (kwakusiyana) kapena Stranded Loose Tube Non-metallic Strength Member Non-Armored chingwe (GYFTY). Zingwe za hybrid fiber optic zimakhala ndi fiber ndi mkuwa mu jekete imodzi.

Kusankha chingwe cha fiber optic monga Self-supporting Bow-type drop cable (GJYXFCH) kumayamba ndi kudziwa njira yoyika, malo, mtundu wa fiber ndi chiwerengero chofunikira. Zofunikira pakumanga kwa chingwe, kuchuluka kwa moto / kuphwanya, mtundu wa cholumikizira, ndi kukanikiza kokoka ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi njira.

Kutumiza koyenera, kuthetseratu, kuphatikizika, kuyika, ndi kuyesa zingwe za fiber optic ndi akatswiri ovomerezeka zimathandiza kuti pakhale maulendo apamwamba a bandwidth pa FTTx, metro ndi maukonde aatali. Zatsopano zimathandizira kulumikizana kwa ulusi, kuchulukitsa kachulukidwe ka fiber mu zingwe zing'onozing'ono, zosamva zopindika zamtsogolo.

Ma Cable a Hybrid ali ndi mapeya amkuwa ndi zingwe za fiber mu jekete imodzi pamapulogalamu ofunikira mawu, data, ndi kulumikizana kothamanga kwambiri. Kuwerengera kwa mkuwa / ulusi kumasiyana malinga ndi zosowa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika ma MDU, zipatala, masukulu pomwe chingwe chimodzi chokha chimatha.

Zosankha zina ngati zingwe-8 ndi zingwe zamlengalenga zozungulira ndi za dielectric kapena zimakhala ndi ma fiberglass / ma polima amphamvu pakuyika mlengalenga osafunikira zolimbitsa thupi. Machubu otayirira, core core ndi riboni fiber zingwe zingwe zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Kusankha chingwe cha fiber optic kumayamba ndikuzindikira malo oyika ndi chitetezo chofunikira, kenako kuchuluka kwa fiber ndi mtundu wofunikira kuti zithandizire zomwe zikuchitika komanso zamtsogolo. Mitundu yolumikizira, kupanga zingwe, kuchuluka kwa lawi lamoto, kuphwanya / kugunda kwamphamvu, ndi zolumikizira zokoka ziyenera kufanana ndi njira ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kusankha wopanga zingwe wodalirika, wogwirizana ndi miyezo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito onse adavoteledwa bwino pamalo oyikapo adzaonetsetsa kuti pamakhala chiwongolero chamtundu wa fiber komanso kutumizira ma siginecha koyenera.

Zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka maziko omanga maukonde othamanga kwambiri koma zimafunikira akatswiri aluso komanso ovomerezeka kuti athe kuthetseratu, kuphatikizika, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuyesa. Zingwe za fiber optic zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zolumikizirana bwino m'malo opangidwa bwino, zimathandizira kutumiza ma bandwidth apamwamba pa metro, mautali atali ndi maukonde a FTTx akusintha kulumikizana kwa data, mawu, ndi makanema padziko lonse lapansi. Zatsopano zozungulira zingwe zing'onozing'ono, kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka ulusi, mapangidwe ophatikizika, ndi ulusi wosamva zopindika zikupitiliza kupititsa patsogolo kulumikizana kwa ulusi mpaka mtsogolo.

Mungakondenso:

Kulumikizana kwa Fiber Optic

Zida zolumikizira zimapereka njira yolumikizira ma fiber optic cabling ndi zida zolumikizirana ndikupanga kulumikizana kwa zigamba kudzera pamapanelo ndi makaseti. Zosankha zolumikizira, ma adapter, zingwe zachigamba, ma bulkheads, ndi mapanelo azigamba zimathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa zida ndikulola kukonzanso kuzinthu zama fiber ngati pakufunika. Kusankha malumikizidwe kumafuna kufananitsa mitundu yolumikizira ku mitundu ya chingwe ndi madoko a zida, kutayika ndi kulimba kwa zofunikira pamanetiweki, ndi zosowa zoyika.

Zolumikizira: Zolumikizira zimayimitsa zingwe zolumikizira zingwe kumadoko a zida kapena zingwe zina. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi:

LC (Cholumikizira cha Lucent): 1.25mm zirconia ferrule. Kwa mapanelo azigamba, zosinthira media, ma transceivers. Kutayika kochepa komanso kulondola kwakukulu. Zogwirizana ndi zolumikizira za LC.
SC (Subscriber Connector): 2.5 mm kutalika. Zolimba, zolumikizana zazitali. Zogwirizana ndi zolumikizira za SC. Kwa ma campus network, telco, industrial.
ST (Nsonga Yowongoka): 2.5 mm kutalika. Makanema a Simplex kapena duplex alipo. Telco standard koma kutayika kwina. Zogwirizana ndi ST zolumikizira.
MPO (Multi-fiber Push On): Cholumikizira chachimuna cha riboni cha ma parallel Optics. Zosankha za 12-fiber kapena 24-fiber. Kwa kachulukidwe kwambiri, malo opangira data, 40G/100G Ethernet. Zogwirizana ndi zolumikizira za akazi a MPO.
MTP - Kusintha kwa MPO ndi US Conec. Zogwirizana ndi MPO.
SMA (Kamphindi A): 2.5 mm kutalika. Kwa zida zoyesera, zida, zida zamankhwala. Osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamanetiweki a data.

Werengani Ndiponso: Chitsogozo Chokwanira cha Fiber Optic Connectors

Mabulkheads amakwera mu zida, mapanelo, ndi makhoma kuti azitha kulumikizana motetezeka. Zosankha zikuphatikiza masinthidwe a simplex, duplex, array kapena makonda okhala ndi madoko olumikizira achikazi kuti agwirizane ndi zingwe kapena zingwe zolumphira zamtundu womwewo.

Ma Adapter amalumikizana ndi zolumikizira ziwiri zamtundu womwewo. Masinthidwe ndi simplex, duplex, MPO, ndi makonda kachulukidwe kwambiri. Khazikitsani mapanelo a fiber patch, mafelemu ogawa, kapena nyumba zapakhoma kuti muthandizire kulumikizana ndikusinthanso.

Zingwe za Patch zomwe zimathetsedwa kale ndi zolumikizira zimapanga maulalo osakhalitsa pakati pa zida kapena mkati mwa mapanelo. Imapezeka mu singlemode, multimode kapena zingwe zophatikizika zamamitundu osiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwanthawi zonse kuchokera ku 0.5 mpaka 5 metres ndi utali wanthawi zonse popempha. Sankhani mtundu wa fiber, zomangamanga ndi zolumikizira kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zoyika.

Patch Panel imapereka kulumikizana kwa zingwe za ulusi pamalo apakati, zomwe zimathandiza kulumikizana ndikusuntha / kuwonjezera / kusintha. Zosankha zikuphatikizapo:

Standard patch panels: 1U mpaka 4U, gwirani 12 mpaka 96 ulusi kapena kupitilira apo. LC, SC, MPO adaputala zosankha. Kwa ma data center, kumanga interconnect.
Mapatchi aang'ono: Zofanana ndi zokhazikika koma pamakona a 45° pakuoneka/kufikirika.
Makaseti a MPO/MTP: Yendetsani mu 1U mpaka 4U patch panels. Iliyonse imakhala ndi zolumikizira za 12-fiber MPO kuti zisweke kukhala ulusi pawokha wokhala ndi ma adapter a LC/SC kapena kulumikiza zida zingapo za MPO/MTP. Kuchulukana kwakukulu, kwa 40G/100G Efaneti.
Zopangira zopangira ma fiber ndi mafelemu: Mapazi akulu, kuchuluka kwa madoko kuposa mapanelo azigamba. Pamalumikizidwe akulu akulu, maofesi apakati a telco/ISP.

Fiber imatsekera mapanelo anyumba, kasamalidwe ka slack ndi ma tray ophatikiza. Zosankha za Rackmount, wallmount ndi standalone zokhala ndi ma doko osiyanasiyana/zopondapo. Mabaibulo oyendetsedwa ndi chilengedwe kapena osalamuliridwa. Perekani bungwe ndi chitetezo cha fiber interconnections.

Ma harnesses a MTP/MPO (ma trunk) amalumikizana ndi zolumikizira za MPO kuti atumizenso ma 40/100G maulalo a netiweki. Zosankha za amayi ndi akazi ndi akazi kwa amuna okhala ndi 12-fiber kapena 24-fiber yomanga.

Kutumizidwa koyenera kwa zida zolumikizirana bwino ndi akatswiri aluso ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchita bwino komanso kudalirika kwa maukonde a fiber. Kusankha zigawo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosowa zoyika ndi zida zapaintaneti zidzathandizira zomangamanga zokhala ndi kachulukidwe kothandizira cholowa ndi mapulogalamu omwe akubwera. Zatsopano zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, kuchulukira kwa ulusi / cholumikizira komanso maukonde othamanga kumawonjezera kufunikira kwa kulumikizana kwa ulusi, kumafunikira mayankho osinthika komanso mapangidwe osinthika.

Kulumikizana kumayimira chomangira chomangira cha ma fiber optic network, omwe amalola kulumikizana pakati pa ma chingwe, zolumikizirana, ndi zida zolumikizirana. Mafotokozedwe ozungulira kutayika, kulimba, kachulukidwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa data kumatsimikizira kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zolumikizira, ma adapter, zingwe zapatch, mapanelo, ndi ma harnesses popanga maulalo a fiber omwe angakulire kuti akwaniritse zosowa zamtsogolo za bandwidth.

Fiber Optic Distribution Systems

Zingwe za fiber optic zimafuna zotsekera, makabati ndi mafelemu kuti azilinganiza, kuteteza ndi kupereka mwayi wopeza zingwe za ulusi. Zigawo zazikulu za fiber distribution system ndi:

Zigawo za fiber - Mabokosi olimbana ndi nyengo amayikidwa m'mphepete mwa njira ya chingwe kupita ku zingwe zomangira nyumba, kusungirako zingwe zosalala, ndikuyimitsa kapena malo olowera. Malo otsekera amateteza zinthu kuti zisawononge chilengedwe pomwe amalola kuti anthu azilowa mosalekeza. Mipanda yotchinga khoma ndi pole mount ndizofala.
Makabati ogawa fiber - Makabati amakhala ndi mapanelo olumikizirana ndi fiber optic, ma tray ophatikizika, malo osungiramo ulusi wa slack, ndi zingwe zolumikizira polumikizira. Makabati amapezeka ngati mayunitsi amkati kapena akunja / olimba. Makabati akunja amapereka malo okhazikika a zida zovutirapo m'mikhalidwe yovuta.
Mafelemu ogawa fiber - Magawo akuluakulu ogawa omwe amakhala ndi mapanelo angapo a fiber patch, kasamalidwe ka chingwe choyimirira ndi chopingasa, makabati a splice, ndi ma cabling olumikizira makulidwe apamwamba a fiber. Mafelemu ogawa amathandizira msana ndi malo a data.
Fiber patch panels - Mapanelo amakhala ndi ma adapter angapo a fiber kuti athetse zingwe za fiber ndi zingwe zolumikizira. Mapanelo odzaza amalowa m'makabati a fiber ndi mafelemu olumikizirana ndi kugawa. Makaseti a adapter ndi makaseti ndi mitundu iwiri yodziwika.
Ma tray ophatikiza - Ma tray a modular omwe amalinganiza ulusi wamtundu uliwonse kuti atetezedwe ndi kusungidwa. Ma tray angapo amasungidwa mu makabati a fiber ndi mafelemu. Ma tray a Splice amalola ulusi wocheperako kuti ukhalebe pambuyo polumikizana kuti musunthe / kuwonjezera / kusintha kusinthasintha popanda kubwereza.
Masamba a slack - Ma spool ozungulira kapena ma reel omwe amayikidwa mu magawo ogawa ulusi kuti asunge utali wa chingwe cha fiber chowonjezera kapena chosungira. Slack spools amalepheretsa ulusi kuti usadutse utali wopindika wocheperako, ngakhale poyenda m'malo otchingidwa ndi mpanda ndi makabati.
Chigamba zingwe - Kutalika kwa fiber cordage kumatha kumapeto onse awiri ndi zolumikizira kuti apereke zolumikizira zosinthika pakati pa mapanelo azigamba, madoko a zida, ndi malo ena othetsera. Zingwe za zigamba zimalola kusintha mwachangu maulalo a ulusi pakafunika.

Zigawo zolumikizira za fiber optic pamodzi ndi zotchingira zoteteza ndi makabati zimapanga dongosolo lophatikizika kuti ligawire ulusi pazida zolumikizirana, ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi zida. Popanga maukonde a fiber, ophatikiza amayenera kuganizira zofunikira zonse zamagulu kuphatikiza chingwe cha fiber optic chokha. Dongosolo logawa bwino lomwe limathandizira magwiridwe antchito a ulusi, limapereka mwayi ndi kusinthasintha, ndikukulitsa moyo wautali wa maukonde a ulusi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zingwe za Fiber Optic

Ma fiber optic network akhala msana wa njira zamakono zolumikizirana, zomwe zimapereka kutumizirana ma data mwachangu komanso kulumikizana m'magawo ambiri.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zingwe za fiber optic ndikulumikizana ndi ma telecommunications. Maukonde a Fiber optic athandiza kuti pakhale kulumikizana kothamanga kwambiri kwa intaneti ndi mafoni padziko lonse lapansi. Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa zingwe za fiber optic kumathandizira kufalitsa mawu, deta, ndi makanema mwachangu. Makampani akuluakulu a telecom ayika ndalama zambiri pomanga ma network a fiber optic padziko lonse lapansi.

Masensa a Fiber optic ali ndi ntchito zambiri zamankhwala ndi zaumoyo. Atha kuphatikizidwa mu zida zopangira opaleshoni kuti apereke kulondola, kuwonetsetsa, ndi kuwongolera. Ma sensa a Fiber optic amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyang'anira zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri kwa odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri ndipo amatha kuzindikira zosintha zomwe sizingawonekere m'malingaliro amunthu. Madokotala akufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito ma sensa a fiber optic kuti azindikire matenda mosavutikira powunika momwe kuwala kumayenda kudzera mu minofu ya odwala.

Asilikali amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe za fiber optic polumikizana bwino ndi matekinoloje ozindikira. Ndege ndi magalimoto nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito fiber optics kuti achepetse kulemera ndi kusokoneza magetsi. Fiber optic gyroscopes amapereka chidziwitso cholondola chamayendedwe amakina owongolera. Asitikali amagwiritsanso ntchito ma sensing opangidwa ndi fiber optic kuti ayang'anire madera akuluakulu a nthaka kapena zomangira pazovuta zilizonse zomwe zingasonyeze zochitika za adani kapena kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake. Majeti ena omenyera nkhondo ndi zida zapamwamba zimadalira ma fiber optics.

Kuyatsa kwa fiber optic kumagwiritsa ntchito zingwe za fiber optic kutumiza kuwala kwa zinthu zokongoletsera monga kuyatsa kwanyumba kapena zowunikira m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Kuwala kowala, kosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumatha kusinthidwa kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe, ndi zotulukapo zina pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi magalasi. Kuyatsa kwa fiber optic kumapangitsanso kutentha pang'ono poyerekeza ndi kuyatsa kokhazikika, kumachepetsa mtengo wokonza, ndipo kumakhala ndi moyo wautali.

Kuyang'anira thanzi la zomangamanga kumagwiritsa ntchito masensa a fiber optic kuti azindikire kusintha kapena kuwonongeka kwa nyumba, milatho, madamu, tunnel, ndi zomangamanga zina. Masensa amatha kuyeza kugwedezeka, kumveka, kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha, ndi kuyenda pang'ono kosawoneka ndi owunika anthu kuti azindikire zomwe zingachitike zisanathe. Kuyang'anira uku kumafuna kukonza chitetezo cha anthu popewa kugwa koopsa. Ma sensa a Fiber optic ndi abwino kwa pulogalamuyi chifukwa cha kulondola kwake, kusasokoneza, komanso kukana zinthu zachilengedwe monga dzimbiri.

Kuphatikiza pazomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, palinso zina zambiri zomwe ma fiber optics amapambana m'mafakitale ndi makonzedwe osiyanasiyana, monga:

Campus distributor network
Data center network
Industrial fiber network
Fiber to the antenna (FTTA)
Zithunzi za FTTx
Ma network opanda zingwe a 5G
Ma network a telecommunication
Ma Cable TV network
etc.

Ngati mukufuna zambiri, welcom kuti mupite ku nkhaniyi: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chingwe cha Fiber Optic: Mndandanda Wathunthu & Kufotokozera (2023)

Zingwe za Fiber Optic vs. Copper Cables

Zingwe za fiber optic zimapereka phindu lalikulu pa zingwe zamkuwa zachikhalidwe potumiza uthenga. Ubwino wodziwika kwambiri ndi bandwidth yapamwamba komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Mizere yotumizira ma fiber optic imatha kunyamula zambiri kuposa zingwe zamkuwa zofananira. Chingwe chimodzi cha fiber optic chimatha kutumiza ma Terabits angapo a data pamphindikati, zomwe ndi bandwidth yokwanira kusuntha masauzande amakanema apamwamba nthawi imodzi. Kuthekera kumeneku kumalola ma fiber optics kuti akwaniritse zochulukira zama data, mawu, ndi mavidiyo.

Zingwe za fiber optic zimathandiziranso kulumikizidwa kwa intaneti mwachangu komanso kuthamanga kwanyumba ndi mabizinesi. Ngakhale zingwe zamkuwa zimakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu lotsitsa la pafupifupi 100 Megabits pa sekondi imodzi, kulumikizana kwa fiber optic kumatha kupitilira 2 Gigabits pa sekondi imodzi pantchito zogona - nthawi 20 mwachangu. Ma Fiber Optics apangitsa kuti intaneti ipezeke mwachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Zingwe za fiber optic ndi zopepuka, zophatikizika, zolimba, komanso zolimbana ndi nyengo kuposa zingwe zamkuwa. Sakhudzidwa ndi kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma ndipo safuna kukweza ma siginecha kuti afalitse mtunda wautali. Ma fiber optic network alinso ndi moyo wothandiza wazaka zopitilira 25, zotalika kwambiri kuposa maukonde amkuwa omwe amafunika kusinthidwa pambuyo pa zaka 10-15. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chosayendetsa komanso chosawotcha, zingwe za fiber optic zimakhala ndi chitetezo chochepa komanso zoopsa zamoto.

Ngakhale zingwe za fiber optic zimakonda kukhala ndi zokwera mtengo zam'tsogolo, nthawi zambiri zimapereka ndalama pa moyo wa netiweki pochepetsa kukonzanso ndi kuwononga ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kudalirika kwambiri. Mtengo wa zida za fiber optic ndi maulumikizidwe nawonso watsika kwambiri pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zimapangitsa ma fiber optic network kukhala chisankho chabwino pazachuma pazosowa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zoyankhulirana.

Mwachidule, poyerekeza ndi mkuwa wachikhalidwe ndi njira zina zotumizira mauthenga, zingwe za fiber optic zimadzitamandira ubwino waumisiri wothamanga kwambiri, wamtunda wautali komanso wothamanga kwambiri komanso ubwino wachuma ndi wothandiza pa maukonde olankhulana ndi ntchito. Makhalidwe apamwambawa apangitsa kuti m'malo mwake achuluke m'malo mwa zida zamkuwa ndi fiber optics m'mafakitale ambiri aukadaulo.

Kuyika kwa Fiber Optic Cables

Kuyika zingwe za fiber optic kumafuna kugwiriridwa bwino, kuphatikizika, kulumikiza, ndi kuyesa kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa ma sign ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito odalirika. Fiber optic splicing imalumikiza ulusi uwiri pamodzi powasungunula ndi kuwasakaniza molumikizana bwino kuti apitilize kutumiza kuwala. Ma splices amakina ndi ma fusion splices ndi njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino, zophatikizira zophatikizika zimapereka kutayika kochepa kwa kuwala. Fiber optic amplifiers amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamtunda wautali kuti akweze chizindikiro popanda kufunikira kutembenuza kuwala kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi.

Fiber optic zolumikizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ndi kutulutsa zingwe pamphambano ndi polumikizira zida. Kuyika koyenera kwa zolumikizira ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuwunikira kumbuyo komanso kutaya mphamvu. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya zolumikizira za fiber optic zimaphatikizapo ST, SC, LC, ndi zolumikizira za MPO. Ma fiber optic transmitters, olandila, masiwichi, zosefera, ndi zogawa zimayikidwanso pamanetiweki a fiber optic kuti atsogolere ndikusintha ma signature.

Chitetezo ndichinthu chofunikira pakuyika zida za fiber optic. Kuwala kwa laser komwe kumachitika kudzera mu zingwe za fiber optic kumatha kuwononga maso kosatha. Chitetezo cha maso ndi njira zosamalira mosamala ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Zingwe ziyenera kukhala zotetezedwa mokwanira komanso zotetezedwa kuti zisagwedezeke, kinking, kapena kusweka zomwe zingapangitse chingwecho kukhala chosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zingwe zakunja zimakhala ndi zotchingira zowonjezera zolimbana ndi nyengo koma zimafunikirabe kuyika bwino kuti zipewe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Kuyika kwa fiber optic kumafuna kuyeretsa bwino, kuyang'ana, ndikuyesa zida zonse musanatumizidwe. Ngakhale zofooka zazing'ono kapena zowononga pa zolumikizira, splice point, kapena ma jekete a chingwe amatha kusokoneza ma sign kapena kulola kulowerera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuyesa kwa kuwala kwa kuwala ndi kuyezetsa mita ya mphamvu panthawi yonse yoyika zimatsimikizira kuti makinawo azigwira ntchito ndi malire amphamvu okwanira mtunda ndi biti yomwe ikufunika.

Kuyika maziko a fiber optic kumafuna luso laukadaulo ndi luso kuti mumalize bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika komanso kuchepetsa zovuta zamtsogolo. Makampani ambiri aukadaulo ndi makontrakitala opanga ma cabling amapereka ntchito zoyika ma fiber optic kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta izi komanso zaukadaulo pakukhazikitsa ma fiber optic network akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Ndi njira zoyenera komanso ukatswiri, zingwe za fiber optic zimatha kupereka kufalikira kwa ma siginecha omveka bwino kwa zaka zambiri zikayikidwa bwino.

Kuthetsa Zingwe za Fiber Optic

Kuthetsa zingwe za fiber optic kumaphatikizapo kumangirira zolumikizira ku zingwe za chingwe kuti athe kulumikizana pakati pa zida zolumikizirana kapena mkati mwa mapanelo. Njira yoyimitsa imafunikira njira yolondola komanso yoyenera kuti muchepetse kutayika komanso kukhathamiritsa magwiridwe antchito kudzera mu kulumikizana. Njira zodziwika zothetsa zikuphatikizapo:

Chotsani jekete lachingwe ndi kulimbikitsa kulikonse, kuwonetsa ulusi wopanda kanthu. Yezerani kutalika kwake komwe kukufunika ndikumangiriranso mwamphamvu ulusi uliwonse womwe sunagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mupewe chinyezi kapena kukhudzana ndi zowononga.
Dziwani mtundu wa fiber (singlemode/multimode) ndi kukula kwake (SMF-28, OM1, etc.). Sankhani zolumikizira zogwirizana monga LC, SC, ST kapena MPO zopangidwira singlemode kapena multimode. Fananizani kukula kwa ferrule ndi makulidwe a ulusi.
Tsukani ndi kuvula ulusiwo mpaka kutalika kwake kofunikira pa mtundu wa cholumikizira. Pangani mabala mosamala kupewa kuwonongeka kwa ulusi. Tsukaninso ulusi pamwamba kuti muchotse zowononga zilizonse.
Ikani epoxy kapena polishable CHIKWANGWANI pawiri (pa Multifiber MPO) pa cholumikizira ferrule mapeto nkhope. Mapiritsi a mpweya sayenera kuwonedwa. Zolumikizira zopukutidwa kale, ingoyeretsani ndikuyang'ana kumapeto kwa ferrule.
Mosamala ikani CHIKWANGWANI mu cholumikizira ferrule moyenerera makulitsidwe. Ferrule iyenera kuthandizira kumapeto kwa ulusi kumapeto kwake. Fiber sayenera kutuluka kuchokera kumapeto kwa nkhope.
Chiritsani epoxy kapena kupukuta pawiri monga mwauzira. Kwa epoxy, ambiri amatenga mphindi 10-15. Chithandizo cha kutentha kapena mankhwala a UV angafunikirenso kutengera zomwe zidapangidwa.
Yang'anani kumapeto kwa nkhope pansi pa kukulitsa kwakukulu kuti muwonetsetse kuti ulusi uli pakati komanso wotuluka pang'ono kuchokera kumapeto kwa ferrule. Zolumikizira zopukutidwa kale, ingoyang'ananinso kumapeto kuti muwone ngati zili zoyipitsidwa kapena kuwonongeka musanakwere.
Yesani kuimitsidwa komalizidwa kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikuyenda bwino musanatumize. Gwiritsani ntchito choyezera chopitilira muyeso cha ulusi wowoneka pang'ono kuti mutsimikizire kufalikira kwa siginecha kudzera pa kulumikizana kwatsopano. OTDR itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyeza kutayika ndikupeza zovuta zilizonse.
Pitirizani kuyeretsa ndi kuyang'anitsitsa nkhope zolumikizira kumapeto pambuyo pa kukweretsa kuti mupewe kutayika kwa chizindikiro kapena kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo kuchokera ku zowonongeka. Makapu ayenera kuteteza zolumikizira zosalumikizana.

Ndi machitidwe ndi zida / zipangizo zoyenera, kukwaniritsa zotayika zotsika kumakhala kofulumira komanso kosasinthasintha. Komabe, potengera kulondola komwe kumafunikira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti akatswiri otsimikizika a fiber amalize kuyimitsa maulalo ofunikira kwambiri a bandwidth network ngati kuli kotheka kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito ndi nthawi yayitali. Maluso ndi zochitika ndizofunikira pakulumikizana kwa fiber.

Kuphatikiza Zingwe za Fiber Optic

Mu fiber optic network, splicing imatanthawuza njira yolumikiza zingwe ziwiri kapena zingapo za fiber optic palimodzi. Njira iyi imathandiza kuti kufalitsa kosasunthika kwa zizindikiro za kuwala pakati pa zingwe, kulola kukulitsa kapena kukonza maukonde a fiber optic. Fiber optic splicing imachitika nthawi zambiri polumikiza zingwe zomwe zaikidwa kumene, kukulitsa maukonde omwe alipo, kapena kukonza magawo owonongeka. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti kutumizidwa kwa data ndi kodalirika komanso kothandiza.

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zolumikizira zingwe za fiber optic:

1. Fusion Splicing:

Kuphatikizika kumaphatikiza kulumikizana kokhazikika kwa zingwe ziwiri za fiber optic posungunula ndi kuphatikiza nkhope zawo zakumapeto. Njira imeneyi imafunika kugwiritsa ntchito fusion splicer, makina apadera omwe amagwirizanitsa ndendende ndi kusungunula ulusiwo. Akasungunuka, ulusiwo umaphatikizidwa pamodzi, kupanga kugwirizana kosalekeza. Kuphatikizika kwa Fusion kumapereka kutayika kocheperako komanso kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino yolumikizirana kwambiri.

Njira ya fusion splicing nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi izi:

Kukonzekera kwa Fiber: Zotchingira zoteteza za ulusi zimachotsedwa, ndipo ulusi wopanda kanthu umatsukidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mikhalidwe yolumikizana bwino.
Kulumikizana kwa Fiber: Chophatikizika chophatikizira chimagwirizanitsa ulusiwo pofananiza ndendende ma cores, zokutira, ndi zokutira.
Fiber Fusion: The splicer imapanga arc yamagetsi kapena laser mtengo kuti isungunuke ndi kuphatikiza ulusiwo palimodzi.
Chitetezo cha Magawo: Chingwe choteteza kapena chotchinga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera lophatikizana kuti lipereke mphamvu zamakina ndikuteteza splice kuzinthu zachilengedwe.

2. Mechanical Splicing:

Kulumikizana kwamakina kumaphatikizapo kulumikiza zingwe za fiber optic pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakina kapena zolumikizira. Mosiyana ndi fusion splicing, kuphatikizika kwamakina sikusungunuka ndikuphatikiza ulusi pamodzi. M'malo mwake, imadalira kuwongolera bwino ndi zolumikizira zakuthupi kuti zikhazikitse kupitiliza kwa kuwala. Zida zamakina ndizoyenera kukonzanso kwakanthawi kapena mwachangu, chifukwa zimatayika pang'ono pang'ono ndipo zimakhala zolimba kuposa zophatikizira.

Njira yolumikizirana pamakina nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi izi:

Kukonzekera kwa Fiber: Ulusiwo umakonzedwa ndikuvula zokutira zoteteza ndikuzidula kuti zipeze nkhope zosalala, zopindika.
Kulumikizana kwa Fiber: Ulusiwo umalumikizidwa ndendende ndikugwiriziridwa limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolumikizirana, manja olumikizirana, kapena zolumikizira.
Chitetezo cha Magawo: Mofanana ndi fusion splicing, mkono wotetezera kapena mpanda umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza dera losakanikirana kuzinthu zakunja.

Kuphatikizika kwa ma fusion ndi kuphatikizika kwamakina kuli ndi zabwino komanso kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kutengera zofunikira za netiweki ya fiber optic. Kuphatikizika kwa Fusion kumapereka kulumikizana kokhazikika komanso kodalirika ndikutayika kocheperako, ndikupangitsa kukhala koyenera kukhazikitsa kwanthawi yayitali komanso kulumikizana mwachangu. Kumbali ina, kuphatikizika kwamakina kumapereka yankho lachangu komanso losinthika pamalumikizidwe akanthawi kapena malo omwe kusintha pafupipafupi kapena kukweza kumayembekezeredwa.

Mwachidule, kulumikiza zingwe za fiber optic ndi njira yofunikira pakukulitsa, kukonza, kapena kulumikiza maukonde a fiber optic. Kaya akugwiritsa ntchito fusion splicing polumikizana kosatha kapena kuphatikizika kwamakina kuti akonze kwakanthawi, njirazi zimatsimikizira kufalikira kwa ma siginecha owoneka bwino, kulola kulumikizana koyenera komanso kodalirika kwa data pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.

Indoor vs Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables

1. Kodi zingwe za Indoor fiber optic ndi Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito

Zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba kapena malo ocheperako. Zingwezi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popereka mauthenga othamanga kwambiri komanso kulumikizana m'maofesi monga maofesi, malo osungiramo data, ndi nyumba zogona. Nazi mfundo zofunika kuziganizira pokambirana zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic:

Kupanga ndi kumanga: Zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zidapangidwa kuti zikhale zopepuka, zosinthika, komanso zosavuta kuziyika m'malo amkati. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pakati, chovala, ndi jekete lakunja loteteza. Pachimake, chopangidwa ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki, chimalola kufalitsa ma siginecha opepuka, pomwe zotchingira zimathandizira kuchepetsa kutayika kwazizindikiro powunikiranso kuwala pakati. Jekete lakunja limapereka chitetezo ku kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Mitundu ya zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic: Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zomwe zilipo, kuphatikiza zingwe zothina, zingwe za loose chubu, ndi zingwe za riboni. Zingwe zotchingidwa zolimba zimakhala ndi zokutira molunjika pamwamba pa zingwe za ulusi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mtunda waufupi komanso kuyika m'nyumba. Zingwe zotayirira zimakhala ndi machubu odzaza ndi gel omwe amatchinga ulusi, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo chowonjezera pa ntchito zakunja ndi zamkati / zakunja. Zingwe za riboni zimakhala ndi zingwe zingapo zolumikizidwa pamodzi ngati riboni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchuluka kwa ulusi mumpangidwe wophatikizika.
Mapulogalamu: Zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa nyumba. Nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa ku ma netiweki amderali (LAN) kuti alumikizane ndi makompyuta, ma seva, ndi zida zina zapaintaneti. Amathandizira kutumiza kwa data yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, monga kutsatsira makanema, cloud computing, ndi kusamutsa mafayilo akuluakulu, ndi latency yochepa. Zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamakina opangidwa kuti zithandizire kulumikizana ndi matelefoni, kulumikizana kwa intaneti, ndi mautumiki a mawu.
ubwino: Zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zimapereka maubwino angapo kuposa zingwe zamkuwa zachikhalidwe. Iwo ali apamwamba kwambiri bandiwifi mphamvu, kulola kuchulukirachulukira kufala deta ndi bwino ntchito maukonde. Sangathe kusokonezedwa ndi electromagnetic interference (EMI) ndi radio frequency interference (RFI) popeza amatumiza ma sign a kuwala m'malo mwa magetsi. Zingwe za fiber optic nazonso zimakhala zotetezeka kwambiri, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kulumikiza kapena kuzimitsa popanda kuwononga chizindikiro.
Malingaliro oyika: Njira zoyika bwino ndizofunikira kuti zingwe zamkati za fiber optic zizigwira ntchito bwino. Ndikofunikira kugwira zingwezo mosamala kuti musapindike kapena kupindika kupitilira utali wopindika womwe akulimbikitsidwa. Malo aukhondo komanso opanda fumbi amakondedwa pakuyika ndi kukonza, chifukwa zoipitsa zimatha kusokoneza mtundu wa chizindikiro. Kuphatikiza apo, kasamalidwe koyenera ka chingwe, kuphatikiza mayendedwe, kulemba zilembo, ndi kuteteza zingwe, kumathandizira kukonza bwino komanso scalability.

Ponseponse, zingwe za m'nyumba za fiber optic zimapereka njira yodalirika komanso yabwino yotumizira deta mkati mwa nyumba, zomwe zimathandizira kufunikira kokulirakulira kwa kulumikizana kothamanga kwambiri m'malo amakono.

2. Kodi zingwe za Panja za fiber optic ndi Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito

Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimapangidwa kuti kupirira mikhalidwe yovuta ya chilengedwe ndikupereka kufalitsa kwa data kodalirika pamtunda wautali. Zingwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polumikiza ma network pakati pa nyumba, masukulu, kapena madera ambiri. Nazi mfundo zofunika kuziganizira pokambirana zingwe zakunja za fiber optic:

Kumanga ndi chitetezo: Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimapangidwa ndi zida zolimba komanso zigawo zoteteza kuti zitsimikizire kukana kwawo kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pakati, zokutira, machubu a buffer, mamembala amphamvu, ndi jekete lakunja. Pakatikati ndi zomangira zimapangidwa ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki kuti athe kufalitsa ma siginecha. Machubu a buffer amateteza chingwe cha ulusi pawokha ndipo amatha kudzazidwa ndi gel kapena zinthu zotsekereza madzi kuti madzi asalowe. Mamembala amphamvu, monga ulusi wa aramid kapena ndodo za fiberglass, amapereka chithandizo pamakina, ndipo jekete yakunja imateteza chingwe ku radiation ya UV, chinyezi, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi.
Mitundu ya zingwe zakunja za fiber optic: Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zomwe zilipo kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zoyika. Zingwe za loose-chubu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poika panja patali. Amakhala ndi ulusi pawokha woyikidwa mkati mwa machubu a buffer kuti atetezedwe ku chinyezi komanso kupsinjika kwamakina. Zingwe za riboni, zofanana ndi zingwe za m'nyumba, zimakhala ndi ulusi wambiri wolumikizidwa pamodzi mu riboni yafulati, zomwe zimalola kuchulukirachulukira kwa ulusi mumpangidwe wophatikizika. Zingwe zamlengalenga zimapangidwira kuti zikhazikike pamitengo, pomwe zingwe zokwirira mwachindunji zimapangidwira kuti zikwiridwe pansi popanda kufunikira kowonjezera njira yodzitetezera.
Mapulogalamu oyika panja: Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimayikidwa m'mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza maukonde akutali, ma network a metropolitan area (MANs), ndi ma fiber-to-home (FTTH). Amapereka kulumikizana pakati pa nyumba, masukulu, ndi malo opangira ma data, ndipo atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kulumikiza madera akutali kapena kukhazikitsa maulumikizidwe apamwamba a backhaul kwa maukonde opanda zingwe. Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimathandizira kutumiza kwa data mwachangu kwambiri, kusewerera makanema, komanso intaneti yofikira mtunda wautali.
Zolinga zachilengedwe: Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic ziyenera kupirira zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Amapangidwa kuti azilimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi, kuwala kwa UV, ndi mankhwala. Amapangidwa mwapadera kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zolimba komanso kukana kukhudzidwa, abrasion, ndi kuwonongeka kwa makoswe. Zingwe zapadera zokhala ndi zida zankhondo kapena zingwe zakumlengalenga zokhala ndi mawaya otumizira mauthenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nkhawa kapena kuyikapo kungaphatikizepo kuyimitsidwa pamwamba pamitengo.
Kukonza ndi kukonza: Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimafunikira kuwunika pafupipafupi ndikukonza kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino. Kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndikuwunika zolumikizira, ma splices, ndi malo oyimitsa ndikofunikira. Njira zodzitetezera, monga kuyesa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti madzi alowemo komanso kuyang'anira kutayika kwa chizindikiro, kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti azindikire zovuta zilizonse. Kukawonongeka kwa chingwe, njira zokonzetsera zophatikiza kuphatikiza kapena kulumikizana ndi makina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti abwezeretse kupitilira kwa fiber.

Zingwe zakunja za fiber optic zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa maukonde amphamvu komanso odalirika pamatali atali. Kukhoza kwawo kupirira zovuta zachilengedwe komanso kusunga kukhulupirika kwa ma sign kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pakukulitsa kulumikizana kwa netiweki kupitilira nyumba ndi madera ambiri akunja.

3. M'nyumba vs Zingwe Zakunja za Fiber Optic: Momwe Mungasankhire

Kusankha mtundu woyenera wa chingwe cha fiber optic pa malo oyikapo ndikofunikira kuti ma network agwire ntchito, kudalirika komanso moyo wautali. Zolinga zazikulu za zingwe zamkati vs zakunja zikuphatikizapo:

Maimidwe akukhazikitsa - Zingwe zakunja zimavotera kuti zizikhala ndi nyengo, kuwala kwa dzuwa, chinyezi komanso kutentha kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma jekete okhuthala, osamva UV ndi ma gels kapena mafuta kuti ateteze ku kulowa kwa madzi. Zingwe zam'nyumba sizifuna zinthuzi ndipo zimakhala ndi ma jekete owonda, osavotera. Kugwiritsa ntchito chingwe chamkati panja kuwononga chingwecho mwachangu.
Magawo rating - Zingwe zakunja zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zidavotera malo ovuta monga mamembala amphamvu azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ulusi wa aramid wotsekereza madzi, ndi zolumikizira / zolumikizira zokhala ndi zosindikizira za gel. Zidazi ndizosafunikira pakuyika m'nyumba ndipo kuzisiya panja kumachepetsa kwambiri moyo wa chingwe.
Conduit vs kuikidwa mwachindunji - Zingwe zakunja zomwe zimayikidwa pansi pa nthaka zimatha kudutsa munjira kapena kukwiriridwa mwachindunji. Zingwe zokwirira zachindunji zimakhala ndi ma jekete olemera a polyethylene (PE) ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zonse kuti atetezedwe kwambiri akakhudza nthaka. Zingwe zoyezera makope zimakhala ndi jekete yopepuka ndipo zilibe zida zankhondo popeza ngalandeyo imateteza chingwe ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mmlengalenga vs pansi - Zingwe zopangidwira kuyika mlengalenga zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe-8 omwe amadzithandizira okha pakati pa mitengo. Amafuna ma jekete osamva UV, okhala ndi nyengo koma opanda zida. Zingwe zapansi panthaka zimagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ozungulira, ophatikizika ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza zida zankhondo ndi zida zotsekereza madzi kuti aziyika mu ngalande kapena ngalande. Chingwe chamlengalenga sichingathe kupirira zovuta zoyika mobisa.
Chiwerengero chamoto - Zingwe zina za m'nyumba, makamaka zomwe zili m'malo osungira mpweya, zimafuna majekete osagwira moto komanso omwe alibe poizoni kuti asayatse malawi kapena utsi wakupha pamoto. Zingwe zokhala ndi utsi wochepa, zero-halogen (LSZH) kapena zoletsa moto, zopanda asbestosi (FR-A) zimatulutsa utsi waung'ono ndipo sizipanga zinthu zowopsa zikayaka. Chingwe chokhazikika chimatha kutulutsa utsi wapoizoni, motero chingwe choyezera moto chimakhala chotetezeka kumadera omwe mitolo yayikulu ya anthu ingakhudzidwe.

Onaninso: Indoor vs. Outdoor Fiber Optic Cables: Basics, Kusiyana, ndi Momwe Mungasankhire

Kusankha mtundu wolondola wa chingwe cha malo oyikapo kumasunga nthawi yolumikizira maukonde ndi magwiridwe antchito ndikupewa kubweza m'malo mwazinthu zosankhidwa molakwika. Zida zovotera panja nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtengo wokwera, kotero kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kumagawo akunja a chingwe kumathandiza kukhathamiritsa bajeti yonse ya netiweki. Ndi chingwe choyenera pamtundu uliwonse wa chilengedwe, maukonde odalirika a fiber optic amatha kutumizidwa kulikonse kumene akufunikira.

Kupanga Fiber Optic Network Yanu

Ma fiber optic network amafunikira kupangidwa mosamala kuti asankhe zida zomwe zingagwirizane ndi zosowa zapano koma kukula kwamtsogolo ndikupereka kulimba mtima kudzera pakuwonongeka. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga fiber system ndi:

Mtundu Wachikuta: Sankhani singlemode kapena multimode fiber. Singlemode > 10 Gbps, mtunda wautali. Multimode ya <10 Gbps, kuthamanga kwakufupi. Ganizirani za OM3, OM4 kapena OM5 ya multimode fiber ndi OS2 kapena OS1 ya singlemode. Sankhani ma diameter a fiber omwe amafanana ndi kulumikizana ndi madoko a zida. Konzani mitundu ya fiber mozungulira mtunda, bandwidth ndi zosowa za bajeti.
Network Topology: Zosankha zodziwika bwino ndi point-to-point (direct link), basi (multipoint: splice data into cable between endpoints), mphete (multipoint: circle with endpoints), mtengo/nthambi (mizere yotsatizana) ndi mauna (maulalo ambiri odutsa) . Sankhani topology kutengera zofunikira zamalumikizidwe, njira zomwe zilipo, komanso mulingo wa redundancy. Ma ring and mesh topology amapereka kulimba mtima kwambiri ndi njira zambiri zomwe zingatheke.
Chiwerengero cha Fiber: Sankhani machulukidwe a fiber strand pa chingwe chilichonse, mpanda, gulu kutengera zomwe zikuchitika komanso kuchuluka kwa bandwidth/kukula kwamtsogolo. Ndikosavuta kukhazikitsa zingwe / zigawo zowerengera kwambiri zomwe bajeti imalola chifukwa kulumikizana kwa ulusi ndikuwongolera kumakhala kovuta ngati zingwe zina zikufunika pambuyo pake. Pamalumikizidwe ofunikira a msana, pulani ya fiber imawerengera mozungulira 2-4 nthawi zoyerekeza zomwe zimafunikira bandwidth pazaka 10-15.
Kusintha: Pangani maziko a fiber ndi kufunikira kwa bandwidth yamtsogolo m'malingaliro. Sankhani zida zomwe zili ndi fiber yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ili yothandiza ndikusiyani malo oti mukulitse m'mipanda, zotchingira, ndi njira. Ingogulani mapepala, makaseti ndi ma harnesses okhala ndi mitundu ya adaputala ndi ma doko owerengera omwe amafunikira pazosowa zamakono, koma sankhani zida zama modular zomwe zili ndi malo oti madoko owonjezera awonjezeke pamene bandwidth ikukula kuti mupewe kusinthira mtengo.
Zosafunika: Phatikizani maulalo osafunikira muzomangamanga za ma cabling/fiber pomwe nthawi yocheperako siyingaloledwe (chipatala, malo opangira data, zothandiza). Gwiritsani ntchito ma mesh topology, dual homing (malumikizidwe apawiri kuchokera kutsamba kupita ku netiweki), kapena ma protocol amitengo pamtundu wa mphete kuti mutseke maulalo osafunikira ndikuyambitsa kulephera. Kapenanso, konzani njira zolumikizirana padera ndi njira kuti mupereke njira zolumikizirana zosafunikira pakati pamasamba / nyumba zazikulu.
Kukhazikitsidwa: Gwirani ntchito ndi opanga ovomerezeka ndi oyika omwe ali ndi chidziwitso pakutumiza kwa fiber network. Maluso okhudza kuyimitsa ndi kuphatikizira ma fiber optic cabling, maulalo oyesera, ndi magawo otumizira amafunika kuti akwaniritse ntchito yabwino. Lembani momveka bwino za zomangamanga zoyendetsera ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

Pakulumikizana kogwira mtima kwa fiber kwa nthawi yayitali, kukonzekera mapangidwe owopsa komanso makina apamwamba kwambiri omwe amatha kusinthika limodzi ndi matekinoloje olumikizirana pa digito ndikofunikira. Ganizirani zofunikira zonse zapano ndi zam'tsogolo posankha ma fiber optic cabling, zolumikizira, njira, ndi zida kuti mupewe kukonzanso kokwera mtengo kapena kutsekeka kwa netiweki pomwe bandwidth imafuna kuchuluka kwa moyo wa zomangamanga. Ndi mapangidwe olimba, otsimikiziridwa amtsogolo omwe akhazikitsidwa moyenera ndi akatswiri odziwa zambiri, fiber optic network imakhala yothandiza kwambiri komanso kubweza ndalama zambiri.

Mapangidwe a Fiber Optic Cables: Malangizo Abwino & Zochita

Nawa maupangiri abwino kwambiri a fiber optic:

Nthawi zonse tsatirani malire opendekera opindika amtundu wa chingwe cha fiber optic. Kupinda ulusi mwamphamvu kwambiri kumatha kuwononga galasi ndikuphwanya njira zowonera.
Sungani zolumikizira za fiber optic ndi ma adapter aukhondo. Kulumikizana kodetsedwa kapena kokanda kumamwaza kuwala ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yazizindikiro. Nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa kuti ndi #1 chifukwa chakutayika kwa ma siginecha.
Gwiritsani ntchito zoyeretsera zovomerezeka zokha. Mowa wa Isopropyl ndi zida zapadera za fiber optic zoyeretsera ndizotetezeka pamalumikizidwe ambiri a ulusi akagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Mankhwala ena amatha kuwononga ulusi komanso zokutira.
Tetezani fiber optic cabling kuti isakhudzidwe ndi kuphwanyidwa. Kugwetsa kapena kukanikiza ulusi kumatha kung'amba galasi, kuthyola zokutira, kapena kufinya ndi kusokoneza chingwe, zonse zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kosatha.
Sungani polarity yoyenera mu ulusi wa duplex ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya MPO. Kugwiritsa ntchito polarity molakwika kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa kuwala pakati pa ulusi wolumikizidwa bwino. Phunzirani chiwembu cha A, B pinout ndi zojambula zambiri kuti mulumikizidwe.
Lembani ma cabling onse a fiber optic momveka bwino komanso mosasinthasintha. Chiwembu ngati "Rack4-PatchPanel12-Port6" chimalola kuti ulalo uliwonse wa fiber uzindikirike mosavuta. Malebulo ayenera kugwirizana ndi zolembedwa.
Yesani kutayika ndikuyesa ulusi wonse womwe wayikidwa ndi OTDR. Onetsetsani kuti zatayika kapena zili m'munsi mwa zomwe wopanga akupanga musanakhalepo. Yang'anani zolakwika zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonongeka, zolumikizana bwino kapena zolumikizira zosayenera zomwe zimafunikira kukonzedwa.
Phunzitsani akatswiri mu njira yoyenera yolumikizirana. Kuphatikizika kwa Fusion kuyenera kulumikiza bwino ma fiber cores ndikukhala ndi geometry yabwino yophatikizira pamalo olumikizirana kuti mutayika bwino. Njira zopanda pake zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito amtaneti.
Sinthani ma fiber a slack moyenera pogwiritsa ntchito ma unit ogawa ma fiber ndi ma slack spools. Ulusi wocheperako wochulukirachulukira m'mipanda umasokoneza zolumikizira/zosinthira ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza kapena kutsata pambuyo pake kuti zisunthe, kuwonjezera/kusintha.
Lembani ulusi wonse woyikika kuphatikiza zotsatira zoyesa, malo ocheperako, mitundu yolumikizira/makalasi, ndi polarity. Zolemba zimalola kuti pakhale zovuta zovuta, kukonza ndi kukweza kotetezeka / zosintha pamanetiweki. Kusowa zolemba nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kuyambira pachiyambi.
Konzekerani kukulitsa ndi bandwidth yapamwamba m'tsogolomu. Kuyika ma fiber ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amafunikira pano komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ngalande yokhala ndi zingwe zokokera / mawaya owongolera amalola kuti pakhale mtengo wokwera kwambiri kuti upititse patsogolo liwiro la netiweki/kuthekera panjira.

MPO/MTP Fiber Optic Cabling

Zolumikizira za MPO/MTP ndi misonkhano ikuluikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu owerengera ma fiber ambiri pomwe ulusi wamunthu / zolumikizira zimakhala zovuta kuwongolera, monga maulalo a 100G + Ethernet ndi FTTA. Zigawo zazikulu za MPO ndi:

1. Zingwe zazikulu

Muli ndi ma fiber 12 mpaka 72 omwe amathetsedwa pa cholumikizira chimodzi cha MPO/MTP kumapeto kulikonse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pakati pa zida zama data, FTTA imayendetsa nsanja, ndi malo onyamula onyamula. Lolani kuchulukira kwa fiber mugawo limodzi lotha pluggable.

2. Mangani zingwe

Khalani ndi cholumikizira chimodzi cha MPO/MTP kumapeto kwina ndi zolumikizira zingapo za simplex/duplex (LC/SC) mbali inayo. Perekani kusintha kuchokera ku multi-fiber kupita kumtundu wamtundu uliwonse. Kuyika pakati pa machitidwe oyambira ndi zida zokhala ndi zolumikizira madoko.

3. Matepi

Yodzaza ndi ma adapter modules omwe amavomereza MPO/MTP ndi/kapena simplex/duplex zolumikizira kuti apereke ma modular cross-connect. Makaseti amayikidwa m'magawo ogawa fiber, mafelemu, ndi mapanelo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma interconnect and cross-connect network. Kachulukidwe kwambiri kuposa mapanelo amtundu wa adapter.

4. Zigawo za thunthu

Khalani ndi cholumikizira cha MPO pamapeto olowera ndi zotulutsa ziwiri za MPO kuti mugawane thunthu limodzi la ulusi wapamwamba kwambiri kukhala ma thunthu awiri otsika. Mwachitsanzo, kulowetsa kwa ulusi 24 kugawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri za ulusi 12 aliyense. Lolani maukonde a MPO trunking kukonzedwanso bwino.

5. MEPPI adapter modules

Lowani mu makaseti ndi mapanelo odzaza. Muli ndi ma adapter a MPO kumbuyo kuti muvomereze kulumikizana ndi MPO imodzi kapena angapo ndi ma adapter angapo a LC/SC kutsogolo omwe amagawa ulusi uliwonse pamalumikizidwe a MPO. Perekani mawonekedwe pakati pa MPO trunking ndi LC/SC kulumikizana pazida.

6. Malingaliro a polarity

Kulumikiza kwa MPO/MTP kumafuna kusunga kaimidwe koyenera ka fiber ndi polarity kudutsa tchanelo kuti mulumikizidwe kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto panjira zolondola za kuwala. Mitundu itatu ya polarity ilipo ya MPO: Type A - Key up to key up, Type B - Key down to key down, and Type C - Center row fibers, non-centrorow fibers transposed. Polarity yoyenera kudzera m'makina opangira ma cabling ndikofunikira kapena apo ayi zizindikiro sizingadutse bwino pakati pa zida zolumikizidwa.

7. Zolemba ndi zilembo

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ulusi komanso zovuta zake, kuyika kwa MPO kuli ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chakusintha kolakwika komwe kumabweretsa zovuta. Zolemba zosamala za mayendedwe a thunthu, malo otsekera, malo opangira makaseti, mawonekedwe a trunk splitter ndi mitundu ya polarity ziyenera kulembedwa momwe zimapangidwira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo. Kulemba zolemba zonse ndikofunikiranso.

Kuyesa kwa Fiber Optic Cable

Kuwonetsetsa kuti zingwe za fiber optic zayikidwa ndikugwira ntchito moyenera, mayeso angapo amayenera kuchitidwa kuphatikiza kuyezetsa kopitilira, kuyang'ana kumaso, komanso kuyesa kutayika kwa kuwala. Mayeserowa amatsimikizira kuti ulusi sunawonongeke, zolumikizira ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo kutayika kwa kuwala kuli mkati mwa milingo yovomerezeka yotumizira ma siginecha moyenera.

Kupitiliza kuyesa - Imagwiritsa ntchito zowonera zolakwika (VFL) kutumiza kuwala kofiira kwa laser kudzera mu ulusi kuti muwone ngati pali zopumira, zopindika, kapena zovuta zina. Kuwala kofiira kumapeto kwenikweni kumawonetsa ulusi wosasunthika, wopitilira.
Kuyang'ana kumaso - Amagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa microscope ya ulusi kuti ayang'ane kumapeto kwa ulusi ndi zolumikizira kuti apeze zingwe, maenje, kapena zoyipitsidwa. Ubwino wa nkhope yomaliza ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa kuyika ndi kubwereranso kumbuyo. Nkhope za Fiber ziyenera kupukutidwa bwino, kutsukidwa, komanso kusaonongeka.
Kuyesa kwa Optical loss - Imayezera kutayika kwa kuwala mu ma decibel (dB) pakati pa ulusi ndi zinthu zina kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizotsika kwambiri. Optical loss test set (OLTS) ili ndi chowunikira komanso mita yamagetsi yoyezera kutayika. Miyezo yotayika imatchulidwa kutengera mtundu wa chingwe, kutalika kwa mafunde, mtunda, ndi mulingo wa netiweki. Kutayika kwambiri kumachepetsa mphamvu ya chizindikiro ndi bandwidth.

Kuyesa chingwe cha fiber optic kumafuna zida zingapo kuphatikiza:

Visual Fault Locator (VFL) - Imatulutsa kuwala kofiira kwa laser kuti iwonetse kupitiliza kwa fiber ndikutsata njira za ulusi.
Fiber microscope probe - Imakulitsa ndikuwunikira nkhope za fiber kumapeto kwa 200X mpaka 400X kuti ziwonedwe.
Optical loss test set (OLTS) - Mulinso gwero lokhazikika la kuwala ndi mita yamagetsi kuti muyeze kutayika kwa dB pakati pa ulusi, zolumikizira ndi ma splices.
Zida zoyeretsera fiber - Nsalu zofewa, zopukuta zoyeretsera, zosungunulira ndi swabs kuti ziyeretse bwino ulusi ndi nkhope musanayesedwe kapena kulumikizana. Zowonongeka ndizo gwero lalikulu la kutaya ndi kuwonongeka.
Zingwe zoyesera zolozera - Zingwe zazifupi zolumikizira zida zoyeserera ku cabling zoyesedwa. Zingwe zolozera ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri kuti zisasokoneze miyeso.
Zida zowunikira zowonera - Tochi, borescope, galasi loyang'anira lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana zida za fiber cabling ndikuyika pakuwonongeka kapena zovuta zilizonse.

Kuyesa mozama kwa maulalo a fiber optic ndi maukonde kumafunika kuti mukhalebe ndi magwiridwe antchito oyenera ndikutsata miyezo yamakampani. Kuyesa, kuyang'anira ndi kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitidwa panthawi yoyika koyamba, pamene zosintha zachitika, kapena ngati kutayika kapena zovuta za bandwidth zibuka. Fiber yomwe imapambana kuyesa konse ipereka zaka zambiri zachangu komanso zodalirika.

Kuwerengera Mabajeti Otayika Maulalo ndi Kusankha Chingwe

Popanga maukonde a fiber optic, ndikofunikira kuwerengera kutayika kwathunthu kwa ulalo kuti muwonetsetse kuti pali mphamvu zokwanira kuti kuwala kuzindikirike pamapeto olandila. Bajeti yotayika ya ulalo imayambitsa kuchepetsedwa konse kwa ulalo, kuphatikiza kutayika kwa chingwe cha fiber, kutayika kwa cholumikizira, kutayika kwa splice, ndi kutayika kwazinthu zina zilizonse. Kutayika kwathunthu kwa ulalo kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kuposa kutayika komwe kungathe kulekerera mukukhalabe ndi mphamvu zokwanira zolumikizirana, zomwe zimatchedwa "bajeti yamagetsi".

Kutayika kwa maulalo kumayesedwa mu ma decibel pa kilomita (dB/km) pa ulusi womwewo komanso kutalika kwa mafunde omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Makhalidwe otayika amtundu wamtundu wa fiber ndi wavelength ndi awa:

Ulusi wamtundu umodzi (SM) @ 1310 nm - 0.32-0.4 dB/km
Ulusi wamtundu umodzi (SM) @ 1550 nm - 0.25 dB/km
Multi-mode (MM) fiber @ 850 nm - 2.5-3.5 dB/km

Kutayika kwa cholumikizira ndi splice ndi mtengo wokhazikika pamalumikizidwe onse, mozungulira -0.5 dB pa cholumikizira cholumikizana kapena cholumikizira. Chiwerengero cha zolumikizira zimatengera kutalika kwa maulalo chifukwa maulalo ataliatali angafunike magawo angapo a fiber kuti alumikizike.

Bajeti yamagetsi yolumikizira iyenera kuwerengera mphamvu ya ma transmitter ndi olandila, malire achitetezo chamagetsi, ndi kutayika kwina kulikonse kuchokera ku zingwe zigamba, zolumikizira ulusi, kapena zida zogwira ntchito. Payenera kukhala mphamvu yotumizira ma transmitter yokwanira komanso chidwi cholandila kuti ulalo ugwire bwino ntchito ndi malire ena achitetezo, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 10% ya bajeti yonse.

Kutengera ndi bajeti yotayika ya ulalo ndi zofunikira za mphamvu, mtundu woyenera wa fiber ndi transmitter/receiver ziyenera kusankhidwa. Ulusi wamtundu umodzi uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtunda wautali kapena ma bandwidths okwera chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, pomwe mitundu yambiri imatha kugwira ntchito pamalumikizidwe amfupi pomwe mtengo wotsika uli wofunikira. Magwero owunikira ndi olandila adzafotokozera kukula koyenera kwa fiber core ndi kutalika kwa mafunde.

Zingwe zakunja zimakhalanso ndi kutayika kwakukulu, chifukwa chake ndalama zotayika za ulalo ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zilipire mukamagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zakunja. Sankhani zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito panja ndi zolumikizira kuti mupewe chinyezi ndi kuwonongeka kwanyengo pamalumikizidwe awa.

Maulalo a Fiber optic atha kuthandizira kutayika pang'ono pomwe akuperekabe mphamvu zokwanira kutumiza chizindikiro chowoneka kwa wolandila. Powerengera kutayika kwathunthu kwa ulalo kuchokera kuzinthu zonse zochepetsera ndikusankha zigawo zomwe zili ndi zotayika zofananira, maukonde ogwira mtima komanso odalirika a fiber optic amatha kupangidwa ndikutumizidwa. Kutayika kopitilira bajeti yamagetsi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa ma sign, zolakwika pang'ono kapena kulephera kwathunthu kwa ulalo.

Fiber Optic Viwanda Miyezo

Miyezo yaukadaulo wa fiber optic amapangidwa ndikusamalidwa ndi mabungwe angapo, kuphatikiza:

1. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Amapanga miyezo yolumikizira zinthu monga zingwe za fiber optic, zolumikizira, zolumikizira, ndi zida zoyesera. Miyezo ya TIA imanena za magwiridwe antchito, kudalirika komanso chitetezo. Miyezo yayikulu ya fiber ikuphatikizapo TIA-492, TIA-568, TIA-606 ndi TIA-942.

Zida-568 - Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard kuchokera ku TIA imakhudza kuyezetsa ndi kuyika zofunikira za copper ndi fiber cabling m'mabizinesi. TIA-568 imatchula mitundu ya ma cabling, mtunda, magwiridwe antchito ndi polarity ya maulalo a fiber. ISO/IEC 11801 muyezo.
TIA-604-5-D - Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standard (FOCIS) yofotokozera za MPO cholumikizira geometry, miyeso yakuthupi, magawo a magwiridwe antchito kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano pakati pa magwero ndi ma cabling. FOCIS-10 maumboni 12-fiber MPO ndi FOCIS-5 zolumikizira 24-fiber MPO zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 40/100G parallel Optics ndi MPO system cabling.

2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Amapanga miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya fiber optic yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri magwiridwe antchito, kudalirika, chitetezo, ndi kuyesa. IEC 60794 ndi IEC 61280 chivundikiro cha fiber optic chingwe ndi zolumikizira.

ISO / IEC 11801 - International generic cabling kwa kasitomala malo muyezo. Imatanthauzira magwiridwe antchito amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fiber (OM1 mpaka OM5 multimode, OS1 mpaka OS2 single-mode). Zomwe zili mu 11801 zimatengedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndikufotokozedwa ndi TIA-568.
IEC 61753-1 - Zida zolumikizira za Fiber optic ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthu zokhazikika. Imatchula mayeso ndi njira zoyesera zowunikira magwiridwe antchito a fiber zolumikizira, ma adapter, zoteteza splice ndi kulumikizana kwina komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maulalo a fiber. Wotchulidwa ndi Telcordia GR-20-CORE ndi miyezo ya cabling.

3. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Bungwe la United Nations lomwe limakhazikitsa miyezo yaukadaulo wamatelefoni, kuphatikiza ma fiber optics. ITU-T G.651-G.657 imapereka mawonekedwe amtundu wa fiber wamtundu umodzi ndi mawonekedwe.

4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Nkhani zaukadaulo wa fiber optic wokhudzana ndi malo opangira ma data, zida zama network, ndi machitidwe oyendera. IEEE 802.3 imatanthauzira miyezo ya fiber optic ethernet network.

IEEE 802.3 - Muyezo wa Ethernet wochokera ku IEEE womwe umagwiritsa ntchito fiber optic cabling ndi ma interfaces. Fiber media specifications 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LRM, 10GBASE-LR, 40GBASE-SR4, 100GBASE-SR10 ndi 100GBASE-LR4 zafotokozedwa kutengera OM3, OM4 ndi OS2 fiber mitundu. Kulumikizika kwa MPO/MTP kwafotokozedwera pa media media.

5. Electronics Industry Association (EIA)

Imagwira ntchito ndi TIA kuti ipange miyezo yolumikizira zinthu, ndi EIA-455 ndi EIA/TIA-598 ikuyang'ana kwambiri zolumikizira za fiber optic ndi maziko.

6. Telcordia / Bellcore

Amapanga miyezo ya zida za netiweki, makina opangira magetsi akunja ndi ma fiber optics akuofesi ku United States. GR-20 imapereka miyezo yodalirika ya fiber optic cabling.

Telcordia GR-20-CORE - Telcordia (omwe kale anali Bellcore) muyezo wofunikira wa fiber optic cabling yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanetiweki onyamula, maofesi apakati ndi mbewu zakunja. Zolozera za TIA ndi ISO/IEC koma zikuphatikiza ziyeneretso zina za kutentha kwanthawi yayitali, moyo wautali, kupanga chingwe chotsitsa ndi kuyesa magwiridwe antchito. Amapereka opanga zida zapaintaneti ndi zonyamulira ndi malangizo omwe amafanana azinthu zodalirika zama fiber.

7. Rus Bulletin

Chithunzi cha RUS 1715E-810 - Fiber optic specification kuchokera ku Rural Utilities Service (RUS) yopereka malangizo opangira, kukhazikitsa ndi kuyesa makina a fiber optic pazinthu zofunikira. Kutengera miyezo yamakampani koma zikuphatikizanso zofunika pazachitetezo chamipanda yolumikizirana, zida zoyikira, zolemba, zomangira / zoyika pamaneti ogwiritsira ntchito

Miyezo ndiyofunikira pama network a fiber optic pazifukwa zingapo:

Kusagwirizana - Zida zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yofanana zimatha kugwira ntchito limodzi, mosasamala kanthu za wopanga. Miyezo imawonetsetsa kuti ma transmitter, zingwe, ndi olandila azigwira ntchito ngati njira yophatikizika.
kudalirika - Miyezo imatchula njira zogwirira ntchito, njira zoyesera ndi zinthu zotetezera kuti zipereke mulingo wodalirika pamanetiweki a fiber ndi zigawo zake. Zogulitsa ziyenera kukumana ndi utali wopindika pang'ono, kukanikiza kokoka, kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha ndi zina kuti zigwirizane ndi miyezo.
Quality - Opanga amayenera kutsatira kapangidwe kake, zida, ndi miyezo yopangira kuti apange zinthu zogwirizana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu za fiber optic zikhale zapamwamba komanso zosasinthasintha.
Support - Zida ndi maukonde potengera miyezo yomwe anthu ambiri amavomereza adzakhala ndi chithandizo chanthawi yayitali komanso kupezeka kwa magawo olowa m'malo ogwirizana. Tekinoloje yaumwini kapena yosakhala yokhazikika imatha kutha.

Pamene maukonde a fiber optic ndi ukadaulo ukupitilira kukula padziko lonse lapansi, miyezo ikufuna kufulumizitsa kukula kudzera mu kugwirizana, kuwonjezereka kwa khalidwe, kudalirika ndi chithandizo cha moyo. Kwa maukonde ofunikira kwambiri pamishoni, zigawo zozikidwa pa fiber optic ndizofunikira.

Zosankha Zosafunikira pa Fiber Optic Networks

Kwa ma netiweki ovuta omwe amafunikira nthawi yayitali kwambiri, redundancy ndiyofunikira. Zosankha zingapo zophatikizira redundancy mu fiber optic network ndi monga:

Mphete zodzichiritsa zokha - Kulumikiza node za netiweki mu ring topology yokhala ndi njira ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha pakati pa node iliyonse. Njira imodzi ikadulidwa kapena kuwonongeka, magalimoto amabwereranso kwina mozungulira mpheteyo. Zodziwika kwambiri pamanetiweki a metro ndi ma data center.
Mesh topology - Node iliyonse ya netiweki imalumikizidwa ndi ma node angapo ozungulira, ndikupanga njira zolumikizirana. Ngati njira ina ikalephera, magalimoto amatha kudutsanso m'malo ena. Zabwino kwambiri pama network apampasi pomwe zosowa zanthawi yocheperako zimakhala zambiri.
Njira zosiyanasiyana - Magalimoto oyambira komanso osunga zobwezeretsera amadutsa njira ziwiri zosiyana kuchokera kugwero kupita komwe akupita. Ngati njira yoyamba ikulephera, magalimoto amasintha mofulumira kupita ku njira yosungira. Zida zosiyanasiyana, njira zopangira ma cabling komanso njira zamalo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuchepetsa kwambiri.
Kubwereza kwa zida - Zida zofunikira pamanetiweki monga ma switch ndi ma routers zimayikidwa mu seti yofananira ndi masinthidwe owoneka bwino. Ngati chipangizo chimodzi chikulephereka kapena chikufunika kukonza, gawo lobwereza limatenga nthawi yomweyo kusunga magwiridwe antchito a netiweki. Pamafunika mphamvu zapawiri komanso kasamalidwe koyenera.
Njira zosiyanasiyana za fiber - Ngati kuli kotheka, ma cabling a fiber optic panjira zoyambira ndi zobwerera kumbuyo zimatsata njira zolekanitsa za chingwe pakati pa malo. Izi zimateteza ku vuto limodzi lolephera mwanjira iliyonse chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kapena zovuta zachilengedwe. Malo olowera olowera m'nyumba ndi ma chingwe m'malo osiyanasiyana amasukulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kubwereza kwa Transponder - Pa maukonde a ulusi omwe amakhala mtunda wautali, ma transponder okulitsa kapena ma regenerator amayikidwa pafupifupi 50-100 km iliyonse kuti asunge mphamvu yazizindikiro. Ma transponders owonjezera (chitetezo cha 1 + 1) kapena njira zofananira zokhala ndi ma transponder osiyana panjira iliyonse zimateteza ulalowo motsutsana ndi kulephera kwa amplifier komwe kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.

Ndi kamangidwe kalikonse kobwerezabwereza, kulephera kwathunthu kuzinthu zosunga zobwezeretsera ndikofunikira kuti mubwezeretse ntchito mwachangu pamavuto. Mapulogalamu oyang'anira maukonde amayang'anitsitsa njira zoyambira ndi zida, ndikuyambitsa zosunga zobwezeretsera nthawi yomweyo ngati zalephera. Redundancy imafuna ndalama zowonjezera koma imapereka nthawi yayitali komanso kulimba mtima kwa maukonde ofunikira kwambiri a fiber optic omwe amanyamula mawu, deta, ndi makanema.

Kwa maukonde ambiri, kuphatikiza njira zosafunikira zimagwira ntchito bwino. Mphete ya fiber ikhoza kukhala ndi mauna olumikizira, yokhala ndi ma rauta obwereza komanso ma switch pamagetsi osiyanasiyana. Ma Transponders atha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwakutali pakati pamizinda. Ndi kuperewera kwathunthu pamalingaliro abwino pamanetiweki, kudalirika kwathunthu ndi nthawi yowonjezereka kumakonzedwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira.

Kuyerekeza Mtengo kwa Fiber Optic Networks

Ngakhale maukonde a fiber optic amafunikira ndalama zotsogola kwambiri kuposa ma cabling amkuwa, CHIKWANGWANI chimapereka phindu lanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, odalirika komanso moyo wautali. Mtengo wama fiber optic network ndi awa:

Ndalama zakuthupi - Zingwe, zolumikizira, zotsekera, zida zama netiweki ndi zida zofunika pa netiweki ya fiber optic. Chingwe cha Fiber Optic ndichokwera mtengo pa phazi lililonse kuposa mkuwa, kuyambira $0.15 mpaka $5 pa phazi lililonse kutengera mtundu. Patch panels, ma switch, ndi ma routers opangira fiber nawonso nthawi zambiri amakhala 2-3 mtengo wa mayunitsi amkuwa ofanana.
Kuyika ndalama - Ntchito ndi ntchito zoyika zida za fiber optic cabling kuphatikiza kukoka zingwe, kuphatikizika, kuyimitsa, kuyesa ndi kuthetsa mavuto. Ndalama zoyikapo zimayambira pa $150-500 pa kutha kwa ulusi, $750-$2000 pa chingwe chilichonse, ndi $15,000 pa kilomita imodzi poyika chingwe chakunja. Maukonde ovutirapo m'malo omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri kapena oyika mlengalenga amawonjezera mtengo.
Ndalama zomwe zikupitilira - Ndalama zoyendetsera, kuyang'anira ndi kukonza maukonde a fiber optic kuphatikiza mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito, zofunikira zoziziritsa pazida zogwira ntchito, lendi yolowera njira yoyenera, komanso ndalama zowunikira / kuyang'anira maukonde. Makontrakitala okonza chaka chilichonse kuti athandizire zomangamanga zofunikira amachokera ku 10-15% yamitengo yoyambira zida.

Ngakhale mtengo wazinthu ndi kukhazikitsa kwa ulusi ndizokwera, moyo wa fiber optic system ndi wautali kwambiri. Chingwe cha Fiber Optic chimatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka 25-40 popanda kusinthidwa ndi zaka 10-15 zokha zamkuwa, ndipo chimafuna kusamalidwa kwathunthu. Bandwidth imafunikanso kuwirikiza kawiri pazaka 2-3 zilizonse, kutanthauza kuti netiweki iliyonse yopangidwa ndi mkuwa ingafune kusinthidwa kwathunthu kuti ikweze mphamvu mkati mwa moyo wake wogwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Gome ili m'munsili likupereka kufananitsa kwamitengo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamabizinesi a fiber optic network:

Mtundu wa Mtanda	Mtengo Wazinthu/Ft	Mtengo Woyika/Ft	Zoyembekezeredwa Moyo Wonse
Single-mode OS2	$ 0.50- $ 2	$5	zaka 25-40
OM3 Multi-mode	$ 0.15- $ 0.75	$ 1- $ 3	zaka 10-15
OS2 w/ 12-zingwe ulusi	$ 1.50- $ 5	$ 10- $ 20	zaka 25-40
Network yopanda malire	2-3x muyezo	2-3x muyezo	zaka 25-40

Ngakhale makina opangira ma fiber optic amafunikira ndalama zambiri zoyambira, phindu lanthawi yayitali pantchito, kukhazikika komanso kutsika mtengo kumapangitsa ulusi kukhala chisankho chapamwamba kwa mabungwe omwe akuyang'ana zaka 10-20 kutsogolo. Pakulumikizana kwaumboni wamtsogolo, nthawi yayitali kwambiri, komanso kupewa kutha ntchito koyambirira, ma fiber optics amawonetsa mtengo wotsikirapo wa umwini komanso kubweza kwakukulu pazachuma pomwe maukonde akukula mwachangu komanso mphamvu pakapita nthawi.

Tsogolo la Fiber Optic Cables

Ukadaulo wa Fiber optic ukupitabe patsogolo mwachangu, ndikupangitsa zida zatsopano ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Zomwe zikuchitika pano zikuphatikiza kukulitsa ma netiweki opanda zingwe a 5G, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri fiber kunyumba (FTTH) kulumikizana, komanso kukula kwa zomangamanga za data center. Izi zimadalira ma netiweki othamanga kwambiri, okwera kwambiri ndipo zipangitsa kuti pakhale zatsopano zamagawo a fiber optic ndi ma module kuti akwaniritse zofuna za bandwidth.

Zolumikizira zatsopano za fiber optic, ma switch, ma transmitters, ndi zolandirira akupangidwa kuti athe kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa data komanso kulumikizidwa kwakukulu. Ma amplifiers owoneka bwino ndi magwero ena a laser akukonzedwa kuti akweze ma siginecha pa mtunda wautali popanda obwereza. Ulusi wocheperako komanso ulusi wamitundu yambiri mkati mwa chingwe chimodzi udzakulitsa bandwidth ndi kuchuluka kwa data. Kupita patsogolo kwa fiber optic splicing, kuyesa, ndi njira zoyeretsera kumafuna kupititsa patsogolo kutayika kwa ma sign kuti agwire ntchito yodalirika.

Zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo mwaukadaulo wa fiber optic ndizosangalatsa komanso zosiyanasiyana. Masensa ophatikizika a fiber optic amatha kuloleza kuyang'anira zaumoyo mosalekeza, kuyenda mwatsatanetsatane, ndi makina opangira nyumba mwanzeru. Ukadaulo wa Li-Fi umagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kochokera ku fiber optics ndi ma LED kufalitsa deta popanda zingwe pa liwiro lalikulu. Zipangizo zatsopano zamankhwala zitha kugwiritsa ntchito ma fiber optics kuti afikire malo ovuta kufika m'thupi kapena kulimbikitsa minyewa ndi minofu. Quantum computing imathanso kukulitsa maulalo a fiber optic pakati pa node.

Magalimoto odziyendetsa okha amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma fiber optic gyroscope ndi masensa kuyenda m'misewu. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa fiber laser kumatha kusintha njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira monga kudula, kuwotcherera, kulemba chizindikiro komanso zida za laser. Ukadaulo wovala komanso makina owoneka bwino atha kuphatikizira zowonetsera za fiber optic ndi zida zolowetsa kuti muzitha kumizidwa kwathunthu. Mwachidule, luso la fiber optic likuthandizira kulimbikitsa zatsopano pafupifupi gawo lililonse laukadaulo.

Pamene maukonde a fiber optic akulumikizana ndikuphatikizidwa muzomangamanga padziko lonse lapansi, zotheka zamtsogolo zimakhala zosinthika komanso zopanda malire. Kuwongolera kopitilira muyeso kwamitengo, kuchita bwino, komanso kuthekera kupangitsa ukadaulo wa fiber optic kuti upitilize kulimbikitsa kusintha ndi kupititsa patsogolo miyoyo m'magawo otukuka komanso omwe akutukuka padziko lonse lapansi. Mphamvu zonse za fiber optics sizinakwaniritsidwebe.

Malingaliro ochokera kwa Akatswiri

Kuyankhulana ndi akatswiri a fiber optic kumapereka chidziwitso chochuluka pazochitika zamakono, machitidwe wamba ndi maphunziro omwe aphunziridwa zaka zambiri. Zoyankhulana zotsatirazi zikuwunikira upangiri kwa omwe angoyamba kumene kumakampani komanso oyang'anira ukadaulo kupanga njira zolumikizira deta.

Mafunso ndi John Smith, RCDD, Senior Consultant, Corning

Q: Ndi ukadaulo wanji waukadaulo womwe ukukhudza maukonde a fiber?

A: Tikuwona kufunikira kwa fiber m'malo opangira ma data, zomangamanga zopanda zingwe ndi mizinda yanzeru. Kukula kwa bandwidth ndi kanema wa 5G, IoT ndi 4K/8K kumalimbikitsa kutumiza kwa fiber ...

Q: Ndi zolakwika ziti zomwe mumawona nthawi zambiri?

Yankho: Kusawoneka bwino muzolemba pamaneti ndi nkhani yofala. Kulephera kulemba bwino ndikutsata mapanelo a fiber patch, zolumikizirana ndi ma endpoints kumapangitsa kusuntha/kuwonjezera/kusintha kutengera nthawi komanso kowopsa...

Q: Ndi malangizo ati omwe mungapatse omwe abwera kumene kumakampani?

Yankho: Yang'anani pa kuphunzira kosalekeza. Pezani ziphaso kupitilira mulingo wolowera kuti mukweze luso lanu. Yesetsani kukhala ndi chidziwitso muzomera zamkati ndi kunja kwa mbewu ... Kulankhulana mwamphamvu ndi luso lolemba ndizofunikanso pa ntchito yaukadaulo. Ganizirani zonse za data center ndi telco/service provider specializations kuti mupereke mwayi wambiri pantchito...

Q: Ndi njira zabwino ziti zomwe akatswiri onse ayenera kutsatira?

A: Tsatirani miyezo yamakampani pamachitidwe onse oyika ndi kuyesa. Sungani njira zotetezera zoyenera. Lembani mosamala ndikulemba ntchito yanu pa sitepe iliyonse. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zapamwamba ndi zida zoyesera zoyenera pantchitoyo. Sungani zingwe za fiber ndi zolumikizira zaukhondo mosamalitsa - ngakhale zowononga zazing'ono zimayambitsa mavuto akulu. Ganizirani zofunikira zonse zapano komanso scalability yamtsogolo popanga machitidwe ...

Kutsiliza

Fiber optic cabling imapereka maziko enieni a kufalitsa kwachangu kwa data komwe kumathandizira dziko lathu lolumikizana kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa optical fiber ndi ukadaulo wamagulu kwachulukitsa bandwidth ndi scalability pamene akuyendetsa mtengo, kulola kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu pa telecom, data center ndi smart city network.

Bukuli lakhala likufuna kuphunzitsa owerenga zofunikira za kulumikizana kwa fiber optic kuyambira pamalingaliro ofunikira mpaka machitidwe oyika ndi zomwe zidzachitike mtsogolo. Pofotokozera momwe fiber fiber imagwirira ntchito, miyezo ndi mitundu yomwe ilipo, komanso masinthidwe a chingwe chodziwika bwino, omwe ali atsopano m'munda amatha kumvetsetsa zosankha zosiyanasiyana pa intaneti. Zokambirana za kuthetsa, kuphatikizika ndi kupanga njira zimapereka malingaliro othandiza pakukhazikitsa ndi kuyang'anira.

Mawonedwe amakampani amawunikira kugwiritsa ntchito fiber kwa 5G opanda zingwe, IoT ndi makanema komanso maluso ndi njira zolimbikitsira ntchito yanu. Ngakhale maukonde a fiber optic amafunikira chidziwitso chaukadaulo komanso kulondola popanga ndi kutumiza, mphotho zofikira mwachangu pazida zazitali zimatsimikizira kuti fiber ipitilira kukula kofunika.

Kuti mukwaniritse magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa fiber network pamafunika kusankha zigawo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi bandwidth yanu ndi mtunda womwe mukufuna, kukhazikitsa mosamala kuti mupewe kutayika kwa ma siginecha kapena kuwonongeka, kulemba zomanga zonse, ndikukonzekera mtsogolo kuti ziwonjezeke mphamvu ndi miyeso yatsopano ya cabling. Komabe, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi kuleza mtima komanso luso lodziwa zovuta zake, ntchito yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kulumikizidwa kwa fiber optic imatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito pamanetiweki, kapangidwe kazinthu kapena kuphunzitsa talente yatsopano m'mafakitale omwe akukula.

Mwachidule, sankhani mayankho a fiber optic cabling ogwirizana ndi netiweki yanu komanso luso lanu. Ikani, wongolerani, ndikukulitsa maulalo anu a fiber moyenera kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi zosokoneza zochepa. Pitirizani kuphunzira zaukadaulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano kuti mupange luso. CHIKWANGWANI chimathandizira tsogolo lathu, ndikupangitsa kugawana zidziwitso nthawi yomweyo pakati pa anthu ambiri, malo ndi zinthu kuposa kale. Pakutumiza kwachangu kwambiri pamalumikizidwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ulusi umalamulira kwambiri pano komanso kwazaka zambiri zikubwerazi.